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from the forest service has altered their tradi� onal role of policing to a role of advisors. As a result, the forest service has started to collaborate with civil society organisa� ons. Government staff s are ge� ng aware of equity issues and have begun to realise the need of inclusion of the poor and marginalised groups. Despite posi� ve change, the forest service s� ll suff ers from ill governance. For example, rule of law is not maintained. Law contradicts with policies and its own regula� ons. Frequent and sudden change in policies without consensus makes the working environment diffi cult and confusing. Whilst forestry requires long term strategic visions, decisions are taken keeping in mind the short term gains. Forest has several stakeholders but the forest service s� ll suff ers from heavy workload and is overburdened with legal, administra� ve, fi scal and technical loads resul� ng in low quality service delivery. Legal provisions are normally misinterpreted and not complied with. Tradi� on of dilly-dally s� ll holds. Necessary documents and procedures for decision making are s� ll held back from public. Offi cials and func� onaries tend to be accountable only to their seniors and not to the general public. Duty-bearers with authority and power o� en do a disappearing act. Forest sector is yet to learn from its own success and failures. The decision making process is very much infl uenced by short term poli� cal and personal interests, which leads to ill-u� lisa� on and mis-u� liza� on of resources in the forestry sector. Tools of democracy such as public hearing, mass mee� ngs and public poll are rarely used in decision making. Conten� ous issues and disputes are rarely se� led through wider consulta� on and debates between duty-bearers and rights holders. Development aid in the forestry sector and its eff ect To tackle some of the problems listed above, forestry sector received support from various donors for a period ranging from fi ve years to twenty years, They pumped on an average US$20 million a year (see table below) into the forest sector development totalling of US$190.8 million over the last twenty years. Support was provided mainly for ins� tu� on and capacity building related ac� vi� es, (i) train forest staff in order to set up community groups through a social mobiliza� on process, (ii) enable groups to prepare appropriate forest management plans, (iii) build capacity of forestry sector stakeholders in order to ensure ins� tu� onal, ecological and economical sustainability of the community groups, and (iv) for ensuring quality service delivery and technical assistance. Most of the development aid is spent in kind on facilita� on support, government’s infrastructure building and capacity building, consultancy services to enhance quality service delivery, social empowerment and technical assistance through expatriates, project and NGO personnel and local human resources, and only 20-30 percent of the total development aid is es� mated to have been spent in cash at local user group and household levels. In the event of royal takeover in February 2005, many donors withdrew Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 115
fi nancial support in the forestry sector. Role of donors in forestry has been signifi cant but the impact mixed. Community forestry programme, for example, has been remarkably successful in terms of its tangible impact on environmental conserva� on; however impact on biodiversity and watershed management has been mixed. There has been limited support in private forestry, non-� mber forest products, wood based industries and research sector leaving very li� le or no impact. Table 6.1: Foreign Aid contribu� ons to forestry sector a� er 1990 Donor 116 Dura� on (approx. years) Approx. amount in US$ million Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal Average budget/yr in US $ million Sub sector UK > 20 years 53.6 2.68 Community forestry Switzerland > 20 years 20.0 1.00 Community forestry Denmark > 5 years 20.2 4.05 Community forestry Australia > 10 years 17.6 1.76 Community forestry USA through CARE/N > 10 years 11.5 1.05 Community forestry USA through WWF/N > 20 years 21.2 1.06 Biodiversity Germany > 5 years 5.0 1.00 Community forestry IFAD > 10 years 13.7 1.37 Leasehold forestry The Netherlands through SNV > 5 years 6.0 1.21 Collabora� ve forestry EU > 5 years 18.7 3.75 Watershed Japan > 5 years 0.7 0.14 Watershed UNDP and FAO > 10 years 2.6 0.26 Biodiversity Total 190.8 19 .27 Source: Adapted from Pokharel et al., 2008 Swiss government, for example, through its project has spent about NRs 7.5 million per year on regular government (“red book”) ac� vi� es in three districts. It spent an addi� onal NRs 5.6 million per year on various capacity building and fi eld level ac� vi� es through direct funding in human resource development (trainings, workshops, long term scholarships MSc, B.Sc, ISc scholarships 1 etc.) to GON staff and community members. This is equivalent to NRs 4.37 million per district, or NRs18600 per community group. It is es� mated that 52 percent of this government “red book” ac� vity expenditure is on infrastructure, vehicle running and other recurrent ac� vi� es. 1. Support to pre and post SLC scholarships for community members is also provided but not included in this calcula� on.
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Changing Paradigms Of Aid Effective
Page 5 and 6:
Changing Paradigms of Aid Eff ec�
Page 8 and 9:
Acknowledgement Six decades of ‘p
Page 10 and 11:
Acronyms: AAA Accra Agenda for Ac
Page 12:
ODA Offi cial Development Assistanc
Page 16 and 17:
Introduc� on: Effectiveness of Fo
Page 18 and 19:
Buoyancy of revenue coincides with
Page 20 and 21:
the en� re prospects for economic
Page 22 and 23:
(NAP) on Aid Eff ec� veness both
Page 24 and 25:
the IMF or the World Bank as these
Page 26 and 27:
uilding na� onal capacity and par
Page 28 and 29:
Tradi� onal global governance as
Page 30 and 31:
ut their impact has been mixed. Com
Page 32 and 33:
irregular unskilled daily wage labo
Page 34 and 35:
cul� vators who live in complex,
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freedom and social jus� ce, imper
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divided by fi ve. It is done becaus
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Table 1.2 Foreign Aid in the Budget
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more than three-fi � h in the LIC
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Table 1.3: Foreign Aid and the Exte
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An intriguing fact about the whole
Page 49 and 50:
Table 3. Foreign Aid and the Na�
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14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 90 80 70
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can absorb a far higher level of de
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sources of foreign exchange earning
Page 57 and 58:
to increase the magnitude of GNI fr
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Table 2.1 : An Interna� onal Comp
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is rela� vely higher in Nepal as
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accompanied by poor supervision of
Page 65 and 66:
conspicuously discouraged investmen
Page 67 and 68:
and, therefore, it is impera� ve
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(2) How to more eff ec� vely inte
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34 and reduce growing extent of tra
Page 73 and 74:
the process of industrial developme
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Appendix 2: Quan� ta� ve Target
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OAD/Nepal (2010). Report of the Off
Page 79 and 80:
focusing on conserving and expandin
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1998, the total disbursement from a
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Figure 3: Offi cial Aid 1990-2009 4
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poverty. In case of Nepal, access t
Page 87 and 88:
4 Challenge of Managing Aid in Evol
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theories themselves remain vague an
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thought no earlier development theo
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‘Social Capital’ approach of de
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inging all the donors working in Ne
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sustainable and self-reliant develo
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community. This is where eff ec�
Page 101 and 102: Challenges and Limits to Choice Fac
Page 103 and 104: 5 Foreign Aid Politics in Developin
Page 105 and 106: targets, some donors will therefore
Page 107 and 108: avoided. This adds another nuance t
Page 109 and 110: ut the interna� onal community mu
Page 111 and 112: 6 A bo� om up aid eff ec� venes
Page 113 and 114: with the overall purpose of se� n
Page 115 and 116: deepening public par� cipa� on
Page 117 and 118: off er a minimum denominator for sh
Page 119 and 120: the actual implementa� on of deve
Page 121 and 122: “� mely, accurate and accessibl
Page 123 and 124: Minimum standards for crea� on of
Page 125 and 126: Nepal Is obviously in a good posi
Page 127 and 128: Ac� on (AAA). All development act
Page 129 and 130: presented drawing heavily from the
Page 131 and 132: Confi dence in Nepal’s procuremen
Page 133 and 134: 8 Aid Eff ec� veness and Gender R
Page 135 and 136: used in planning and managing gener
Page 137 and 138: excluded groups (b) examining the g
Page 139 and 140: 9 Governing Emissions Reduc� on:
Page 141 and 142: organisa� ons to ins� tu� ona
Page 143 and 144: and increasing GHG sinks (i.e. fore
Page 145 and 146: “which necessarily engenders an u
Page 147 and 148: Table 5.2 Breakdown of UNFCCC REDD+
Page 149 and 150: Quan� ta� ve survey results Tab
Page 151: 10 Green governance: Development ai
Page 155 and 156: The Table shows that community fore
Page 157 and 158: Livelihood assets off ered by CFUGs
Page 159 and 160: 11 Foreign aid and Educa� on in N
Page 161 and 162: countries to the poor ones help to
Page 163 and 164: ilateral ODA from DAC members, comp
Page 165 and 166: in terms of foreign aid infl ow is
Page 167 and 168: Table 7.1: Public investment in edu
Page 169 and 170: agencies in Nepal’s educa� on s
Page 171 and 172: ecipient in giving and taking forei
Page 173 and 174: who can be manipulated by any shrew
Page 175 and 176: 12 Does Food Assistance matter? The
Page 177 and 178: These en� tlements are embedded i
Page 179 and 180: them to climb out of chronic povert
Page 181 and 182: assistance. While the bulk of food
Page 183 and 184: classifi ed as being capable of mai
Page 185 and 186: seasonal migra� on of men to Indi
Page 187 and 188: Insurance-eff ects The study reveal
Page 189 and 190: commodity prices, therefore decreas
Page 191 and 192: poverty, but yet not helping them t
Page 193 and 194: 156 a situa� on, where people can
Page 195 and 196: In: Progress in Human Geography 17
Page 197 and 198: Figure 1: FAO Food Price Index (200
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3: Retail price of wheat and
Page 201 and 202: Way forward: Tackling rising food p
Page 203 and 204:
14 Food Insecurity in Nepal: A Pove
Page 205 and 206:
secure access to suffi cient amount
Page 207 and 208:
the distribu� on of this valuable
Page 209 and 210:
structural features, but the domina
Page 211 and 212:
top-down Geneva- and Paris-based mo
Page 213 and 214:
subsequent disbursements spread ove
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is impossible, as pointed out in th
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eason why posi� ve economic and t
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The aid for land reform, as is evid
Page 221 and 222:
ADB’s proposal to strengthen the
Page 223 and 224:
Nepali Rupees in land transac� on
Page 225:
Sincere thanks to: Birkha B Pun is
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