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References Acharya, Laxman (2004). A Review of Foreign Aid in Nepal 2003. Kathmandu: Ci� zens' Poverty Watch Forum and Ac� onAid Nepal. Acharya, Laxman. (2006). "Economic Growth to Confl ict Mi� ga� on: Changing Aid Strategies of Nepal’s Donors", a paper presented at the interna� onal conferences on Governance and Development, 16-19, August 2006, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Bajracharya, Bhuwan Bajra (2003). Study of Educa� on Sector Financing in Nepal, a fi nal report submi� ed to Basic and Primary Educa� on Program II, DANIDA – Program Advisory Team. CBS (1996). Nepal Living Standard of Survey. Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Sta� s� cs, NPC. CBS (2004). Nepal Living standard Survey Volume I and II, Central Bureau of sta� s� cs, NPC Kathmandu. CPWF (1998). A Review of Foreign Aid in Nepal. Kathmandu: Ci� zens' Poverty Watch Forum. HMGN/MoF (2009). Budget Speech 2009/10. Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government of Nepal/Ministry of Finance. HMGN/MoF. Economic Surveys of various years. Kathmandu: His Majesty’s Government of Nepal/Ministry of Finance. Khadka, N (1991). Foreign Aid, Poverty and Stagna� on in Nepal. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House. Khadka, N (1997). Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy: Major Powers in Nepal.New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House. Khanal, D.R.; L. Acharya; D. R. Upre� (2008). Role and Eff ec� veness of Foreign Aid under PRSP in Nepal. Kathmandu: Ac� onAid Nepal and IPRAD. Koirala, B. and L. Acharya (2000). Na� onal Investment and Pro-poor Educa� onal Program. Kathmandu: Ci� zens’ Poverty Watch Forum. Michael P. Todaro (1985). Economic Development in the Third World. Orient Longman. Mihaly, Eugene Bramer (2003). Foreign Aid and Poli� cs in Nepal: A Case Study.: Patandhoka Lalitpur, Nepal: Himal Books. NESAC 1998. Nepal Human development Report. Kathmandu: Nepal South Asia Centre. Sen, Amartyaand Derje Jean (1999). The Amartya Sen and Jean Derje Omnibus, Oxford University Press. Interview with Bishnu Bahadur KC, Auditor general, Deshantar Weekly, 4 March 2000 Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 137
12 Does Food Assistance matter? The Impacts of Food-for-Work in Mugu, Nepal’s mid-western district Introduc� on 138 Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal -Miriam Bishokarma Food assistance is an issue that o� en gets into mires of controversy. While its life-saving roles in confl icts or natural disasters are unques� oned, its developmental role together with longer-term impacts on recipients are o� en ques� oned (BMZ 2005; Habte Bulgu 2008; OECD 2005). At the root of these doubts lies the assump� on that food assistance would create “dependency” of recipients or recipient countries (e.g. BBC 2006; Elliesen 2002; Makenete et al. 1998; Moore/Stanford 2010). In the Nepalese context this assump� on on the dependency-crea� ng aspects of food assistance is prevalent (e.g. Ghale 2009; see also the discussion in Nepali Times 2011a, 2011b). At the same � me, the need for food assistance prevails due to high rates of undernourishment, especially in the mid- and far-western mountain regions of the country (WFP 2009c). The main agency of food assistance in Nepal is the United Na� ons World Food Programme (WFP), which distributed food to 1.6 million people in 2009 (WFP 2010b). The aim of such interven� ons is not only to safe lives in emergencies, but to contribute to longer-term food security of recipients, thereby refl ec� ng the organisa� on’s double mandate of life-saving and developmental role (WFP 2008a). One main concept in this context is so called “food-based social safety nets”, which is part of a broader strategy to fulfi l these double roles.
Page 2:
Changing Paradigms Of Aid Effective
Page 5 and 6:
Changing Paradigms of Aid Eff ec�
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Acknowledgement Six decades of ‘p
Page 10 and 11:
Acronyms: AAA Accra Agenda for Ac
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ODA Offi cial Development Assistanc
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Introduc� on: Effectiveness of Fo
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Buoyancy of revenue coincides with
Page 20 and 21:
the en� re prospects for economic
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(NAP) on Aid Eff ec� veness both
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the IMF or the World Bank as these
Page 26 and 27:
uilding na� onal capacity and par
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Tradi� onal global governance as
Page 30 and 31:
ut their impact has been mixed. Com
Page 32 and 33:
irregular unskilled daily wage labo
Page 34 and 35:
cul� vators who live in complex,
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freedom and social jus� ce, imper
Page 39 and 40:
divided by fi ve. It is done becaus
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1.2 Foreign Aid in the Budget
Page 43 and 44:
more than three-fi � h in the LIC
Page 45 and 46:
Table 1.3: Foreign Aid and the Exte
Page 47 and 48:
An intriguing fact about the whole
Page 49 and 50:
Table 3. Foreign Aid and the Na�
Page 51 and 52:
14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 90 80 70
Page 53 and 54:
can absorb a far higher level of de
Page 55 and 56:
sources of foreign exchange earning
Page 57 and 58:
to increase the magnitude of GNI fr
Page 59 and 60:
Table 2.1 : An Interna� onal Comp
Page 61 and 62:
is rela� vely higher in Nepal as
Page 63 and 64:
accompanied by poor supervision of
Page 65 and 66:
conspicuously discouraged investmen
Page 67 and 68:
and, therefore, it is impera� ve
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(2) How to more eff ec� vely inte
Page 71 and 72:
34 and reduce growing extent of tra
Page 73 and 74:
the process of industrial developme
Page 75 and 76:
Appendix 2: Quan� ta� ve Target
Page 77 and 78:
OAD/Nepal (2010). Report of the Off
Page 79 and 80:
focusing on conserving and expandin
Page 81 and 82:
1998, the total disbursement from a
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3: Offi cial Aid 1990-2009 4
Page 85 and 86:
poverty. In case of Nepal, access t
Page 87 and 88:
4 Challenge of Managing Aid in Evol
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theories themselves remain vague an
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thought no earlier development theo
Page 93 and 94:
‘Social Capital’ approach of de
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inging all the donors working in Ne
Page 97 and 98:
sustainable and self-reliant develo
Page 99 and 100:
community. This is where eff ec�
Page 101 and 102:
Challenges and Limits to Choice Fac
Page 103 and 104:
5 Foreign Aid Politics in Developin
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targets, some donors will therefore
Page 107 and 108:
avoided. This adds another nuance t
Page 109 and 110:
ut the interna� onal community mu
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6 A bo� om up aid eff ec� venes
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with the overall purpose of se� n
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deepening public par� cipa� on
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off er a minimum denominator for sh
Page 119 and 120:
the actual implementa� on of deve
Page 121 and 122:
“� mely, accurate and accessibl
Page 123 and 124: Minimum standards for crea� on of
Page 125 and 126: Nepal Is obviously in a good posi
Page 127 and 128: Ac� on (AAA). All development act
Page 129 and 130: presented drawing heavily from the
Page 131 and 132: Confi dence in Nepal’s procuremen
Page 133 and 134: 8 Aid Eff ec� veness and Gender R
Page 135 and 136: used in planning and managing gener
Page 137 and 138: excluded groups (b) examining the g
Page 139 and 140: 9 Governing Emissions Reduc� on:
Page 141 and 142: organisa� ons to ins� tu� ona
Page 143 and 144: and increasing GHG sinks (i.e. fore
Page 145 and 146: “which necessarily engenders an u
Page 147 and 148: Table 5.2 Breakdown of UNFCCC REDD+
Page 149 and 150: Quan� ta� ve survey results Tab
Page 151 and 152: 10 Green governance: Development ai
Page 153 and 154: fi nancial support in the forestry
Page 155 and 156: The Table shows that community fore
Page 157 and 158: Livelihood assets off ered by CFUGs
Page 159 and 160: 11 Foreign aid and Educa� on in N
Page 161 and 162: countries to the poor ones help to
Page 163 and 164: ilateral ODA from DAC members, comp
Page 165 and 166: in terms of foreign aid infl ow is
Page 167 and 168: Table 7.1: Public investment in edu
Page 169 and 170: agencies in Nepal’s educa� on s
Page 171 and 172: ecipient in giving and taking forei
Page 173: who can be manipulated by any shrew
Page 177 and 178: These en� tlements are embedded i
Page 179 and 180: them to climb out of chronic povert
Page 181 and 182: assistance. While the bulk of food
Page 183 and 184: classifi ed as being capable of mai
Page 185 and 186: seasonal migra� on of men to Indi
Page 187 and 188: Insurance-eff ects The study reveal
Page 189 and 190: commodity prices, therefore decreas
Page 191 and 192: poverty, but yet not helping them t
Page 193 and 194: 156 a situa� on, where people can
Page 195 and 196: In: Progress in Human Geography 17
Page 197 and 198: Figure 1: FAO Food Price Index (200
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3: Retail price of wheat and
Page 201 and 202: Way forward: Tackling rising food p
Page 203 and 204: 14 Food Insecurity in Nepal: A Pove
Page 205 and 206: secure access to suffi cient amount
Page 207 and 208: the distribu� on of this valuable
Page 209 and 210: structural features, but the domina
Page 211 and 212: top-down Geneva- and Paris-based mo
Page 213 and 214: subsequent disbursements spread ove
Page 215 and 216: is impossible, as pointed out in th
Page 217 and 218: eason why posi� ve economic and t
Page 219 and 220: The aid for land reform, as is evid
Page 221 and 222: ADB’s proposal to strengthen the
Page 223 and 224: Nepali Rupees in land transac� on
Page 225:
Sincere thanks to: Birkha B Pun is
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