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1. Introduc� on
Systemic development thinking accompanied with development aid
started only a� er World War-II. Par� cularly, U.S. President Truman’s
proposal of development aid to Greece and Turkey and the Marshall Plan,
the reconstruc� on aid to Western Europe in 1947 were the signpost to
understand the root mo� va� ng factors to present day development aid.
One argument believes that externally designed and imposed development
models with ‘one-size-fi ts-all’ assump� on have been limi� ng performance
of development aid by unknowingly restric� ng recipient ownership and
leadership that are essen� al for aid and development eff ec� veness. Another
argument revolves around defi ciency in recipient capacity that poten� ally
hinders the path to aid and development eff ec� veness.
Review of development dynamics along the course of development
history reveals that proper use of development aid for development result
requires best prac� ces of the donors, recipients and other stakeholders
as partly ar� culated in the Paris Declara� on, 2005. Focused studies on
implementa� on of the Paris Declara� on fi nd hesita� ons in many of the
stakeholders. The reason behind this hesita� on and tensions is deep-rooted
intui� on on rigid development models of exogenous and endogenous
nature. A mid-way and context friendly approach of development will have
to be found as an avenue for result-oriented management of aid. By ways
of examining literatures and content analyses, this paper reviews major
models in light of aid management and iden� fi es customized approach,
where incen� ves of stakeholders can be taken into account with a view to
facilita� ng easy acceptance and implementa� on of the best prac� ces agreed
upon by development actors.
2. Development Concept
The concept of ‘development’ emerges with the ‘development economics’
during the 1940s. Sen (1988) gives credit to Sir William Pe� y, for his work
on “Poli� cal Arithme� c” published in, 1691 for introducing development
economics, while Todaro (2000:7) believes that it is post-war phenomenon
emerged par� cularly for development of Asia, Africa and La� n America and
is arguably diff erent from “modern neo-classical economics” and “Marxist
command economics”. It is because of complex contextual background
characterized by ideological, historical and cultural diversity. Visibly, two
sets of the context (developed and underdeveloped) surfaced development
economics as a separate branch of knowledge (Sen, 1988; Lucas, 1988; Meier
and Rauch, 2000). Besides, other branches of development-related knowledge
gradually emerged under the broad framework of ‘development economics’.
‘Development administra� on’, emerged during 1950s serves as
another conceptual base specifi c to the mobiliza� on aid in the third world
country context. It aims at administra� vely regularizing and legi� mizing
the development outcome (Clarke, 1996 in Saifullah, 2001). However,
as McSwite (1997) worries, the issue of legi� mizing public administra� ve
Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 51