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Nepal: Promo� ng livelihoods, community development and the environment, LFP Kathmandu Nepal McDermo� , M.H and Schreckenberg, K., 2009 Equity in community forestry: insights from North and South The Interna� onal Forestry Review 11 (2): 157 – 170. Nagendra, H. Pareeth, S. Sharma, B. Schweik, C.M. and Adhikari, K.R. (2008). Forest Fragmenta� on and Regrowth in an Ins� tu� onal Mosaic of Community, Government and Private ownership in Nepal. Landscape Ecololgy 23:41-54. Pokharel, B.K. and Carter, J. (2010). Addressing Poverty and Promo� ng Good Governance: Community Forestry in Post Confl ict Nepal In B.R.Upre� , S.R. Sharma, K.N. Pyakurel and S. Ghimire (Eds). The Remake of a State: Post Confl ict Challenges and State Building in Nepal. NCCR North South. Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 65-86. Pokharel, B.K. and Rai Paudyal, B. (2010). Forestland Reform: Transfering State Property to Community Property in Post Confl ict Nepal In In B.R.Upre� , S.R. Sharma, K.N. Pyakurel and S. Ghimire (Eds). The Remake of a State: Post Confl ict Challenges and State Building in Nepal. NC CR North South. Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 111-128. Pokharel,B.K. and Mahat, A. (2010). Ins� tu� ons Ma� er the Most: The Eff ect of Community Forestry on Forest Cover Change in Nepal. A Paper Presented at the Yale University at the Annual Conference of the Interna� onal Society of Tropical Foresters in November 2009. New Heaven, USA. The Paper is to be published in the Insterna� onal Journal of Sustanable Forestry in 2010. USA. Pokharel B.K and Mahat A.. (2009). Kathmandu to Jiri: A Photo Journey. (A Booklet that demonstrates the impact of community forestry to the landscape). Kathmandu:SDC. Pokharel B.K., Branney, Nurse, M. & Malla, Y. 2008. Community forestry: sustaining forests, livelihoods and democracy. In Ojha et al (eds.) communi� es, forests and governance: policy and ins� tu� onal innova� ons from Nepal. New Delhi. Adroit Publishers. Yadav, B.D., Bigsby, H. and Macdonald, I. 2008. Who are controlling community forestry user groups in Nepal? Scru� ny of elite theory. Paper presented at the New Zealand Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Conference, August 28-19, 2008. Nelson, New Zealand. World Bank (1994) Forest Sector Poten� als and Constraints. Kathmandu. Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 121
11 Foreign aid and Educa� on in Nepal: Some Critical Issues 122 Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal – Laxman Acharya – Dr. Bidya Nath Koirala Foreign aid: a major means of building rela� onship with outsiders "Nepal is a yam between two boulders" and “Do not allow foreign businessmen to come any closer than Parsha-Gadhi (A border-town with India). If foreign merchants come into the country, they will leave the people des� tute” are two famous foreign policies of Late King Prithvi Narayan Shah, the founder of modern Nepal. His fi rst foreign policy of maintaining balanced rela� ons with India and China is s� ll valid in Nepal and no poli� cal par� es or government of the country have deviated from this. The second policy, isola� ng Nepal from all other countries prevailed for almost two centuries, and got a break especially during the Janga Bahadur’s regime, the fi rst prime minister of Rana regime 1 . But, a number of events occurred a� er the Second World War to change Nepal’s foreign policy from one of isola� onism to a much more open one. Forma� on of the UNO, India’s independence from Bri� sh rule, the downfall of the Rana regime in Nepal, China’s emergence as a communist country, and the cold war poli� cs worked as triggers for the change. Right from the 1950s, successive governments of Nepal have tried to be more open towards the foreign world in order to modernize the country. To fulfi ll this objec� ve it was necessary to get foreign aid – the fi nancial support, technological know how and development ideas and model. Meanwhile, western countries were also interested to enter into the country because Its geopoli� cal loca� on 1. Acharya ,Laxman (2006)
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Changing Paradigms Of Aid Effective
Page 5 and 6:
Changing Paradigms of Aid Eff ec�
Page 8 and 9:
Acknowledgement Six decades of ‘p
Page 10 and 11:
Acronyms: AAA Accra Agenda for Ac
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ODA Offi cial Development Assistanc
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Introduc� on: Effectiveness of Fo
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Buoyancy of revenue coincides with
Page 20 and 21:
the en� re prospects for economic
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(NAP) on Aid Eff ec� veness both
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the IMF or the World Bank as these
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uilding na� onal capacity and par
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Tradi� onal global governance as
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ut their impact has been mixed. Com
Page 32 and 33:
irregular unskilled daily wage labo
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cul� vators who live in complex,
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freedom and social jus� ce, imper
Page 39 and 40:
divided by fi ve. It is done becaus
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1.2 Foreign Aid in the Budget
Page 43 and 44:
more than three-fi � h in the LIC
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Table 1.3: Foreign Aid and the Exte
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An intriguing fact about the whole
Page 49 and 50:
Table 3. Foreign Aid and the Na�
Page 51 and 52:
14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 90 80 70
Page 53 and 54:
can absorb a far higher level of de
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sources of foreign exchange earning
Page 57 and 58:
to increase the magnitude of GNI fr
Page 59 and 60:
Table 2.1 : An Interna� onal Comp
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is rela� vely higher in Nepal as
Page 63 and 64:
accompanied by poor supervision of
Page 65 and 66:
conspicuously discouraged investmen
Page 67 and 68:
and, therefore, it is impera� ve
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(2) How to more eff ec� vely inte
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34 and reduce growing extent of tra
Page 73 and 74:
the process of industrial developme
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Appendix 2: Quan� ta� ve Target
Page 77 and 78:
OAD/Nepal (2010). Report of the Off
Page 79 and 80:
focusing on conserving and expandin
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1998, the total disbursement from a
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3: Offi cial Aid 1990-2009 4
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poverty. In case of Nepal, access t
Page 87 and 88:
4 Challenge of Managing Aid in Evol
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theories themselves remain vague an
Page 91 and 92:
thought no earlier development theo
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‘Social Capital’ approach of de
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inging all the donors working in Ne
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sustainable and self-reliant develo
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community. This is where eff ec�
Page 101 and 102:
Challenges and Limits to Choice Fac
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5 Foreign Aid Politics in Developin
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targets, some donors will therefore
Page 107 and 108: avoided. This adds another nuance t
Page 109 and 110: ut the interna� onal community mu
Page 111 and 112: 6 A bo� om up aid eff ec� venes
Page 113 and 114: with the overall purpose of se� n
Page 115 and 116: deepening public par� cipa� on
Page 117 and 118: off er a minimum denominator for sh
Page 119 and 120: the actual implementa� on of deve
Page 121 and 122: “� mely, accurate and accessibl
Page 123 and 124: Minimum standards for crea� on of
Page 125 and 126: Nepal Is obviously in a good posi
Page 127 and 128: Ac� on (AAA). All development act
Page 129 and 130: presented drawing heavily from the
Page 131 and 132: Confi dence in Nepal’s procuremen
Page 133 and 134: 8 Aid Eff ec� veness and Gender R
Page 135 and 136: used in planning and managing gener
Page 137 and 138: excluded groups (b) examining the g
Page 139 and 140: 9 Governing Emissions Reduc� on:
Page 141 and 142: organisa� ons to ins� tu� ona
Page 143 and 144: and increasing GHG sinks (i.e. fore
Page 145 and 146: “which necessarily engenders an u
Page 147 and 148: Table 5.2 Breakdown of UNFCCC REDD+
Page 149 and 150: Quan� ta� ve survey results Tab
Page 151 and 152: 10 Green governance: Development ai
Page 153 and 154: fi nancial support in the forestry
Page 155 and 156: The Table shows that community fore
Page 157: Livelihood assets off ered by CFUGs
Page 161 and 162: countries to the poor ones help to
Page 163 and 164: ilateral ODA from DAC members, comp
Page 165 and 166: in terms of foreign aid infl ow is
Page 167 and 168: Table 7.1: Public investment in edu
Page 169 and 170: agencies in Nepal’s educa� on s
Page 171 and 172: ecipient in giving and taking forei
Page 173 and 174: who can be manipulated by any shrew
Page 175 and 176: 12 Does Food Assistance matter? The
Page 177 and 178: These en� tlements are embedded i
Page 179 and 180: them to climb out of chronic povert
Page 181 and 182: assistance. While the bulk of food
Page 183 and 184: classifi ed as being capable of mai
Page 185 and 186: seasonal migra� on of men to Indi
Page 187 and 188: Insurance-eff ects The study reveal
Page 189 and 190: commodity prices, therefore decreas
Page 191 and 192: poverty, but yet not helping them t
Page 193 and 194: 156 a situa� on, where people can
Page 195 and 196: In: Progress in Human Geography 17
Page 197 and 198: Figure 1: FAO Food Price Index (200
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3: Retail price of wheat and
Page 201 and 202: Way forward: Tackling rising food p
Page 203 and 204: 14 Food Insecurity in Nepal: A Pove
Page 205 and 206: secure access to suffi cient amount
Page 207 and 208: the distribu� on of this valuable
Page 209 and 210:
structural features, but the domina
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top-down Geneva- and Paris-based mo
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subsequent disbursements spread ove
Page 215 and 216:
is impossible, as pointed out in th
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eason why posi� ve economic and t
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The aid for land reform, as is evid
Page 221 and 222:
ADB’s proposal to strengthen the
Page 223 and 224:
Nepali Rupees in land transac� on
Page 225:
Sincere thanks to: Birkha B Pun is
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