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years (approximately last couple of decades) shows a remarkable increase in the transna� onal hunt for land by economically powerful interna� onal and na� onal players (e.g. mul� na� onal corpora� ons (both agribusiness as well as others), na� onal governments, equity funds, and banks, etc.) and rela� vely less powerful en� � es (e.g. associa� on of farmers with ac� ve support from their domes� c governments) for a variety of purposes including cul� va� on of biofuels and a range of cash crops 4 . These cases serve as a reminder that how mul� na� onal companies have been grabbing the land with the support of IFIs and government. A further study on how the mul� na� onal aid and na� onal elites are grabbing the land with the support of banks or government is absolutely impera� ve. The IFIs and bilateral organiza� ons have been providing fund to big projects for land acquisi� on but the compensa� on is received by landlords not the � llers. In Nepal, the real � llers largely have no land cer� fi cate to claim the compensa� on. Poli� cal changes notwithstanding, foreign aid con� nues to make up a very large share of the development budget. Despite the signifi cant infl ow of aid, the people at large feel that aid channeled through government line ministries has done li� le to poverty reduc� on, and that much of the aid money as been drained. Even the seemingly large aid for agriculture has not resulted in acceptable growth in agricultural produc� on (Sharma 2008). Agriculture land has been treated as a profi table commodity. In this context, the ques� on is who is providing foreign aid and for whom? If it is for the cause of social jus� ce and poverty allevia� on as claimed, it leaves much to be desired. So far the aid has been able to fulfi ll the agendas and interest of elites and ruling class. It makes one wonder if foreign aid is meant for eradica� ng poverty or eradica� ng the poor! Reference: http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/oct/06/un-land-dealsgovernance-talks?intcmp=122, UN expert calls for guidelines to protect vulnerable people against 'land grabs', on 7th October 2011) Mihaly, E.B., ( 2003) Foreign Aid and Poli� cs in Nepal, Himal Books, Kathmandu Nepal Shrestha, N.R. (1998), In the name of Development, A refl ec� on of Nepal, Educa� on Interprisese Private Limited, Kathmandu, Nepal Retrieved from h� p://www.grain.org/ar� cle/entries/3995-land-grabbing-in-la� namerica on 30th October 2011) Development Coopera� on Report 2005, Ministry of Finance, GON Grain Newsle� er 2010 The Himalayan Times, 10 May 2010). Nagrik Daily 14 April 2009 Kan� pur Daily, 16 June 2011 Annapurna Post Daily, 17 May 2011 Kan� pur Daily 3 March 2011 Sharma, S., Upre� , B., Basnet, J. ( 2008), Land Poli� cs and Confl ict in Nepal, Reali� es and poten� als for agrarian transforma� on. 4. Praveen Jha, presented the slide in Land Asia Forum 2011 organised by ILC, CSRC and ANGOC in Kathmandu, Nepal from 20-21st October 2011 Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 187
Sincere thanks to: Birkha B Pun is Programme Offi cer of Alliance for Aid Monitor Nepal (AAMN). Bishwambher Pyakuryal is a senior economist of interna� onal repute. He is a professor of economics at Tribhuvan University and free-lance interna� onal consultant. Dr. B.K Pokharel is a social forester currently working in HELVETAS Swiss Intercoopera� on Nepal as Deputy Country Director. Bharat Pokharel is Execu� ve Director at Center for Economic Development and Administra� on (CEDA), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. He is advisor of Alliance for Aid Monitor Nepal (AAMN). Prof. Dr. Bidya N. Koirala is educa� onist and Professor at Tribhuvan University department of Educa� on. He is also the coordinator of M.Phil in educa� on program of the Department. Catherine Dolleris is a freelance development prac� � oner based in Denmark. Chandan Sapkota is a researcher at South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment (SAWTEE) and Former Junior Fellow for Trade, Equity & Development Program at Carnegie Endowment for Interna� onal Peace, Washington, D.C. He blogs at www. sapkotac.blogspot.com Dev Raj Dahal is a renowned poli� cal scien� st and head of FES Nepal. Ganga Du� a Acharya is Under-Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture and Coopera� ves, Nepal Government. He is former program coordinator of Foodfi rst Informa� on and Ac� on Network (FIAN) Nepal. Jagat Basnet is an ac� ve land rights ac� vist. Presently he is coordinator of Community Self-Reliance Centre. Keshav Acharya is former Execu� ve Director of Nepal Rastra Bank, Economic Research Department and renowned intellectual in the sector. Laxman Acharya is a freelance researcher around the issue of aid poli� cs and aid governance in the country. Madan Kumar Dahal is Professor of Economics and Former Head of Central Department of Economics at Tribhuvan University. He is an Immediate past President of Nepal Economic Associa� on, and Chairman, Mega Bank Nepal Ltd. Miriam Bishokarma is a PhD candidate at the University of Zurich. She completed her Masters research on the topic of “Food Assistance and Dependency in Nepal” at the University of Bonn, Germany. Dr. Meena Acharya is a renowned economist and feminist scholar. She is presently General Secretary of Tanka Prasad Acharya Memorial Founda� on. Narayan Dhakal is Under-Secretary of Ministry of Finance, Nepal Government. He par� cipated in the Paris Declara� on Evalua� on Study in the country. Paras Kharel is Senior Programme Offi cer, South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment (SAWTEE), Kathmandu. Prabhash Devkota is Secretary/Na� onal Programme Manager of Alliance for Aid Monitor Nepal (AAMN). Simone Galimber� is a Development Prac� � oner and a cri� cal observer aid poli� cs in Nepal, par� cularly in grassroots level. Dr Tek Maraseni is Deputy Director, Opera� ons of Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments, University of Southern Queensland Dr Tim Cadman is Sustainable Business Fellow (University of Southern Queensland), Earth Systems Governance Research Fellow and member of the Australian Centre for Sustainable Business and Development. Vidyadhar Mallik is Vice-Chairperson of Poverty Allevia� on Fund, Nepal and former Finance Secretary of Nepal Government. He is advisor to Alliance for Aid Monitor Nepal (AAMN). 188 Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal
Page 2:
Changing Paradigms Of Aid Effective
Page 5 and 6:
Changing Paradigms of Aid Eff ec�
Page 8 and 9:
Acknowledgement Six decades of ‘p
Page 10 and 11:
Acronyms: AAA Accra Agenda for Ac
Page 12:
ODA Offi cial Development Assistanc
Page 16 and 17:
Introduc� on: Effectiveness of Fo
Page 18 and 19:
Buoyancy of revenue coincides with
Page 20 and 21:
the en� re prospects for economic
Page 22 and 23:
(NAP) on Aid Eff ec� veness both
Page 24 and 25:
the IMF or the World Bank as these
Page 26 and 27:
uilding na� onal capacity and par
Page 28 and 29:
Tradi� onal global governance as
Page 30 and 31:
ut their impact has been mixed. Com
Page 32 and 33:
irregular unskilled daily wage labo
Page 34 and 35:
cul� vators who live in complex,
Page 36:
freedom and social jus� ce, imper
Page 39 and 40:
divided by fi ve. It is done becaus
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1.2 Foreign Aid in the Budget
Page 43 and 44:
more than three-fi � h in the LIC
Page 45 and 46:
Table 1.3: Foreign Aid and the Exte
Page 47 and 48:
An intriguing fact about the whole
Page 49 and 50:
Table 3. Foreign Aid and the Na�
Page 51 and 52:
14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 90 80 70
Page 53 and 54:
can absorb a far higher level of de
Page 55 and 56:
sources of foreign exchange earning
Page 57 and 58:
to increase the magnitude of GNI fr
Page 59 and 60:
Table 2.1 : An Interna� onal Comp
Page 61 and 62:
is rela� vely higher in Nepal as
Page 63 and 64:
accompanied by poor supervision of
Page 65 and 66:
conspicuously discouraged investmen
Page 67 and 68:
and, therefore, it is impera� ve
Page 69 and 70:
(2) How to more eff ec� vely inte
Page 71 and 72:
34 and reduce growing extent of tra
Page 73 and 74:
the process of industrial developme
Page 75 and 76:
Appendix 2: Quan� ta� ve Target
Page 77 and 78:
OAD/Nepal (2010). Report of the Off
Page 79 and 80:
focusing on conserving and expandin
Page 81 and 82:
1998, the total disbursement from a
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3: Offi cial Aid 1990-2009 4
Page 85 and 86:
poverty. In case of Nepal, access t
Page 87 and 88:
4 Challenge of Managing Aid in Evol
Page 89 and 90:
theories themselves remain vague an
Page 91 and 92:
thought no earlier development theo
Page 93 and 94:
‘Social Capital’ approach of de
Page 95 and 96:
inging all the donors working in Ne
Page 97 and 98:
sustainable and self-reliant develo
Page 99 and 100:
community. This is where eff ec�
Page 101 and 102:
Challenges and Limits to Choice Fac
Page 103 and 104:
5 Foreign Aid Politics in Developin
Page 105 and 106:
targets, some donors will therefore
Page 107 and 108:
avoided. This adds another nuance t
Page 109 and 110:
ut the interna� onal community mu
Page 111 and 112:
6 A bo� om up aid eff ec� venes
Page 113 and 114:
with the overall purpose of se� n
Page 115 and 116:
deepening public par� cipa� on
Page 117 and 118:
off er a minimum denominator for sh
Page 119 and 120:
the actual implementa� on of deve
Page 121 and 122:
“� mely, accurate and accessibl
Page 123 and 124:
Minimum standards for crea� on of
Page 125 and 126:
Nepal Is obviously in a good posi
Page 127 and 128:
Ac� on (AAA). All development act
Page 129 and 130:
presented drawing heavily from the
Page 131 and 132:
Confi dence in Nepal’s procuremen
Page 133 and 134:
8 Aid Eff ec� veness and Gender R
Page 135 and 136:
used in planning and managing gener
Page 137 and 138:
excluded groups (b) examining the g
Page 139 and 140:
9 Governing Emissions Reduc� on:
Page 141 and 142:
organisa� ons to ins� tu� ona
Page 143 and 144:
and increasing GHG sinks (i.e. fore
Page 145 and 146:
“which necessarily engenders an u
Page 147 and 148:
Table 5.2 Breakdown of UNFCCC REDD+
Page 149 and 150:
Quan� ta� ve survey results Tab
Page 151 and 152:
10 Green governance: Development ai
Page 153 and 154:
fi nancial support in the forestry
Page 155 and 156:
The Table shows that community fore
Page 157 and 158:
Livelihood assets off ered by CFUGs
Page 159 and 160:
11 Foreign aid and Educa� on in N
Page 161 and 162:
countries to the poor ones help to
Page 163 and 164:
ilateral ODA from DAC members, comp
Page 165 and 166:
in terms of foreign aid infl ow is
Page 167 and 168:
Table 7.1: Public investment in edu
Page 169 and 170:
agencies in Nepal’s educa� on s
Page 171 and 172:
ecipient in giving and taking forei
Page 173 and 174: who can be manipulated by any shrew
Page 175 and 176: 12 Does Food Assistance matter? The
Page 177 and 178: These en� tlements are embedded i
Page 179 and 180: them to climb out of chronic povert
Page 181 and 182: assistance. While the bulk of food
Page 183 and 184: classifi ed as being capable of mai
Page 185 and 186: seasonal migra� on of men to Indi
Page 187 and 188: Insurance-eff ects The study reveal
Page 189 and 190: commodity prices, therefore decreas
Page 191 and 192: poverty, but yet not helping them t
Page 193 and 194: 156 a situa� on, where people can
Page 195 and 196: In: Progress in Human Geography 17
Page 197 and 198: Figure 1: FAO Food Price Index (200
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3: Retail price of wheat and
Page 201 and 202: Way forward: Tackling rising food p
Page 203 and 204: 14 Food Insecurity in Nepal: A Pove
Page 205 and 206: secure access to suffi cient amount
Page 207 and 208: the distribu� on of this valuable
Page 209 and 210: structural features, but the domina
Page 211 and 212: top-down Geneva- and Paris-based mo
Page 213 and 214: subsequent disbursements spread ove
Page 215 and 216: is impossible, as pointed out in th
Page 217 and 218: eason why posi� ve economic and t
Page 219 and 220: The aid for land reform, as is evid
Page 221 and 222: ADB’s proposal to strengthen the
Page 223: Nepali Rupees in land transac� on
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