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protect wild life and their habitat and not the land reform of Nepal. Danida, Ac� onAid, CARE, Lutheran World Federa� on, Oxfam have been suppor� ng the CSOs for the advocacy on land reform and peace process. The table below shows that there has been no direct foreign aid for land reform in between 2001 and 2005 in Nepal. Table 9.1: Actual Aid Disbursements in the Subsectors of Economic Services (in Million Rs) Economic Services 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Agriculture & Coopera� ves 686.5 546.2 1,014.3 1,194.7 1,380.7 Civil Avia� on 0 80.1 362.2 655.2 Commerce 34.3 17.2 59.0 122.1 232.4 Forestry & Soil Conserva� on 889.3 223.5 162.2 93.9 84.4 Hydropower & Alterna� ve Energy 4,234.70 648.4 1,584.5 3,330.8 4,928.5 Industry 77.6 68.7 105.1 119.6 99.6 Informa� on & Communica� ons 494.5 272.8 57.1 332.0 0 Irriga� on 174.3 784.4 1,478.4 2,106.3 2,398.7 Labor 139.9 192.0 146.1 84.7 51.9 Land Reform & Survey 0 0 0 0 0 Natural Resources Management 130.1 91.5 109.7 84.1 84.3 Roads & Transporta� on 1,385.30 1,356.3 1,721.5 2,644.7 1,876.4 Science & Technology 0 0.3 2.0 0 Tourism 44.3 129.9 195.0 236.8 Other Economic Programs 3,079.20 6,105.4 3,201.0 1,331.9 1,718.8 Total 11325.6 10350.7 9,849.2 12,004.0 13,747.7 Source: Adapted from the Development Coopera� on Report 2005, Ministry of Finance, GON Aid for land grabbing in Nepal The debate in Nepal revolves around whether foreign aid was meant for land reform or land grabbing! The civil society and the � llers of land are demanding aid for genuine land reform, increase produc� vity and food security while the IFIs are providing aid to grab the land in diff erent countries, promo� ng market-led, willing buyer and willing seller model of World Bank. Although Nepal has no mul� na� onal companies doing business but na� onal elites have been grabbing the rural land in the name of land plo� ng and commercializa� on of farming. The commercial banks have been fi nancing real estate and commercializa� on of farming. Land has been a major commodity of business, a profi t making venture in Nepal. As of May 2010, the commercial banks have invested 445 billion Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 185
Nepali Rupees in land transac� ons (The Himalayan Times, 10 May 2010). This has resulted in the surge of interest rates from 8% to 16%. It is es� mated that urban coopera� ves have made about 93% of their investments in land and real state. Moreover, more than 80% of remi� ances have been invested in land and household consump� ons (Nagarik Daily, 14 April 2009). Likewise, fi nancial companies have also found land transac� ons as a major area of investment (Kan� pur Daily, 16 June 2011). The instable poli� cal situa� on in Nepal has heightened risk in business investments blamed at insecurity, power shortages, extor� ons and dona� ons, which have increasingly made investments in land less risky, more than 50 industrialists in the eastern region of Nepal have siphoned off their investments from business to land (Annapurna Post, 17 May 2011). The trend of land grabbing has not only been an increasing phenomenon in the capital city, but it is on the rise in the rural areas too. Recent media reports show a trend of price rise of land, incredibly high in the headquarters of the remote district like Argakhachi. For example, the price for 1 square metre of land is approximately 1.5 million in Chutrabesi, Argakhachi (Kan� pur 3 March 2011). The aid for land grab at Interna� onal level A report by Oxfam, published September 2011, iden� fi ed 227m hectares (561m acres) of land – an area the size of north-west Europe – as having been sold, leased or licensed, largely in Africa and mostly to interna� onal investors in thousands of secre� ve deals since 2001. In another case, 56m hectares iden� fi ed by the World Bank earlier this year, again predominantly in Africa (Retrieved from h� p://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/ oct/06/un-land-deals-governance-talks?intcmp=122, UN expert calls for guidelines to protect vulnerable people against 'land grabs', on 7th October 2011). Foreign land acquisi� ons worldwide now cover 218 million hectares (almost 10 � mes higher the World Bank’s 2008 es� mates), with 67 million hectares as more or less “verifi ed”. Some 71% of these are in Africa, 19% in Asia 3 . Independent panels of MDBs (Mul� lateral Development Banks) since 1995 have established independent panels to receive complaints by ci� zens (non-state actors) aff ected by the impact of development projects funded by them. Perhaps the most recent one was the World Bank’s Land Titling Project in Cambodia, where 20,000 families near Phnom Penh were displaced when denied � tling to the land and later evicted by government that sold the land to a private developer. But the ques� on about these panels remain paramount: many are not truly “independent” from Bank staff or management; they only involve Bank projects with regards to their compliance with internal policies (eg “involuntary rese� lement”); to them, Bank policies are “givens”, these Panels are not mandated to engage in discussions about Bank policies themselves (Ibid- Tony Quizon). The burgeoning evidence for the last several 3. Tony Quizon, presented paper Land Asia Forum 2011, organized by ILC, CSRC and ANGOC from 20-21 October 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal 186 Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal
Page 2:
Changing Paradigms Of Aid Effective
Page 5 and 6:
Changing Paradigms of Aid Eff ec�
Page 8 and 9:
Acknowledgement Six decades of ‘p
Page 10 and 11:
Acronyms: AAA Accra Agenda for Ac
Page 12:
ODA Offi cial Development Assistanc
Page 16 and 17:
Introduc� on: Effectiveness of Fo
Page 18 and 19:
Buoyancy of revenue coincides with
Page 20 and 21:
the en� re prospects for economic
Page 22 and 23:
(NAP) on Aid Eff ec� veness both
Page 24 and 25:
the IMF or the World Bank as these
Page 26 and 27:
uilding na� onal capacity and par
Page 28 and 29:
Tradi� onal global governance as
Page 30 and 31:
ut their impact has been mixed. Com
Page 32 and 33:
irregular unskilled daily wage labo
Page 34 and 35:
cul� vators who live in complex,
Page 36:
freedom and social jus� ce, imper
Page 39 and 40:
divided by fi ve. It is done becaus
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1.2 Foreign Aid in the Budget
Page 43 and 44:
more than three-fi � h in the LIC
Page 45 and 46:
Table 1.3: Foreign Aid and the Exte
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An intriguing fact about the whole
Page 49 and 50:
Table 3. Foreign Aid and the Na�
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14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 90 80 70
Page 53 and 54:
can absorb a far higher level of de
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sources of foreign exchange earning
Page 57 and 58:
to increase the magnitude of GNI fr
Page 59 and 60:
Table 2.1 : An Interna� onal Comp
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is rela� vely higher in Nepal as
Page 63 and 64:
accompanied by poor supervision of
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conspicuously discouraged investmen
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and, therefore, it is impera� ve
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(2) How to more eff ec� vely inte
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34 and reduce growing extent of tra
Page 73 and 74:
the process of industrial developme
Page 75 and 76:
Appendix 2: Quan� ta� ve Target
Page 77 and 78:
OAD/Nepal (2010). Report of the Off
Page 79 and 80:
focusing on conserving and expandin
Page 81 and 82:
1998, the total disbursement from a
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3: Offi cial Aid 1990-2009 4
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poverty. In case of Nepal, access t
Page 87 and 88:
4 Challenge of Managing Aid in Evol
Page 89 and 90:
theories themselves remain vague an
Page 91 and 92:
thought no earlier development theo
Page 93 and 94:
‘Social Capital’ approach of de
Page 95 and 96:
inging all the donors working in Ne
Page 97 and 98:
sustainable and self-reliant develo
Page 99 and 100:
community. This is where eff ec�
Page 101 and 102:
Challenges and Limits to Choice Fac
Page 103 and 104:
5 Foreign Aid Politics in Developin
Page 105 and 106:
targets, some donors will therefore
Page 107 and 108:
avoided. This adds another nuance t
Page 109 and 110:
ut the interna� onal community mu
Page 111 and 112:
6 A bo� om up aid eff ec� venes
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with the overall purpose of se� n
Page 115 and 116:
deepening public par� cipa� on
Page 117 and 118:
off er a minimum denominator for sh
Page 119 and 120:
the actual implementa� on of deve
Page 121 and 122:
“� mely, accurate and accessibl
Page 123 and 124:
Minimum standards for crea� on of
Page 125 and 126:
Nepal Is obviously in a good posi
Page 127 and 128:
Ac� on (AAA). All development act
Page 129 and 130:
presented drawing heavily from the
Page 131 and 132:
Confi dence in Nepal’s procuremen
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8 Aid Eff ec� veness and Gender R
Page 135 and 136:
used in planning and managing gener
Page 137 and 138:
excluded groups (b) examining the g
Page 139 and 140:
9 Governing Emissions Reduc� on:
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organisa� ons to ins� tu� ona
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and increasing GHG sinks (i.e. fore
Page 145 and 146:
“which necessarily engenders an u
Page 147 and 148:
Table 5.2 Breakdown of UNFCCC REDD+
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Quan� ta� ve survey results Tab
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10 Green governance: Development ai
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fi nancial support in the forestry
Page 155 and 156:
The Table shows that community fore
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Livelihood assets off ered by CFUGs
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11 Foreign aid and Educa� on in N
Page 161 and 162:
countries to the poor ones help to
Page 163 and 164:
ilateral ODA from DAC members, comp
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in terms of foreign aid infl ow is
Page 167 and 168:
Table 7.1: Public investment in edu
Page 169 and 170:
agencies in Nepal’s educa� on s
Page 171 and 172: ecipient in giving and taking forei
Page 173 and 174: who can be manipulated by any shrew
Page 175 and 176: 12 Does Food Assistance matter? The
Page 177 and 178: These en� tlements are embedded i
Page 179 and 180: them to climb out of chronic povert
Page 181 and 182: assistance. While the bulk of food
Page 183 and 184: classifi ed as being capable of mai
Page 185 and 186: seasonal migra� on of men to Indi
Page 187 and 188: Insurance-eff ects The study reveal
Page 189 and 190: commodity prices, therefore decreas
Page 191 and 192: poverty, but yet not helping them t
Page 193 and 194: 156 a situa� on, where people can
Page 195 and 196: In: Progress in Human Geography 17
Page 197 and 198: Figure 1: FAO Food Price Index (200
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3: Retail price of wheat and
Page 201 and 202: Way forward: Tackling rising food p
Page 203 and 204: 14 Food Insecurity in Nepal: A Pove
Page 205 and 206: secure access to suffi cient amount
Page 207 and 208: the distribu� on of this valuable
Page 209 and 210: structural features, but the domina
Page 211 and 212: top-down Geneva- and Paris-based mo
Page 213 and 214: subsequent disbursements spread ove
Page 215 and 216: is impossible, as pointed out in th
Page 217 and 218: eason why posi� ve economic and t
Page 219 and 220: The aid for land reform, as is evid
Page 221: ADB’s proposal to strengthen the
Page 225: Sincere thanks to: Birkha B Pun is
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