book1

“which necessarily engenders an uneven distribu� on of development.” 33
The choice of mechanism also demonstrates considerable variability, such
as the preference for climate ‘partnerships’. The Asia Pacifi c Partnership
for example has been characterized as a mul� lateral governmental model
which sits outside the purview of the UN, and which is both eli� st and
technocra� c. Public-private partnerships, might be seen as having higher
levels of governance quality since they have ins� tu� onalized valida� on,
review and verifi ca� on through a range of monitoring mechanisms. 34
Developing-country concerns about ins� tu� onal or technical capacity
are important, but of a second order compared to ma� ers of legi� macy
and credibility. 35 Opportuni� es should be made available to forest sector
stakeholders to help ensure REDD+ nego� a� ons deliver progressive and
equitable outcomes for people and forests. 36 At present, there is no fi nal and
binding REDD+ agreement, nothing can be described as certain. However,
nego� ators at COPS 15 and 16 did reach consensus on a number of key
issues, which are extremely likely to be part of a REDD agreement when it
is reached.
Analy� cal framework
Studying stakeholders’ a� tudes regarding the evolving governance of
REDD+ provides insights into the rela� ve infl uence of specifi c sectors, and
the quality of the ini� a� ves as a whole. This sec� on explores the percep� ons
of environmental, governmental and economic sector par� cipants from
both the global North and South regarding the governance of REDD+.
Given its intergovernmental focus, the results rela� ng to REDD+ focus on
governmental and environmental non-government par� cipants. Where
available, individual comments regarding fi nance and investment issues
pertaining to the mechanisms are also reproduced. The REDD+ survey
produces the results of three surveys rela� ng to the UNFCCC REDD+ related
nego� a� ons, which were conducted before and a� er COP 15 in November
2009 and March 2010, and in September 2010, before COP 16 in Cancun,
December 2010. The CDM survey was also conducted in October 2010
before COP 16.
The surveys use an analy� cal model based on a framework of principles,
criteria and indicators of governance quality. The framework is based on a
review of governance a� ributes, iden� fi ed from the fi elds of interna� onal
rela� ons, compara� ve poli� cs, public administra� on and broader
33. Ma� hew Paterson and Johannes Stripple, “Singing Climate Change into Existence: On the
Territorializa� on of Climate Policy Making”, in The Social Construc� on of Climate Change:
Power, Knowledge, Norms, Discourses ed. Mary Pe� nger (Aldershot and Burlington:
Ashgate, 2007) pp. 149-172, at p. 543; Emphasis in the original.
34. Ibid. pp. 74-100.
35. Ibid.
36. RECOFT (The Centre for People and Forests) REDD+, “Moving Forward for People
and Forests”, h� p://www.reco� c.org/site/fi leadmin/docs/publica� ons/The_Grey_
Zone/2010/REDD__2010_MovingFINAL.pdf accessed 18 /05/2010.
108
Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal