book1

ground. 27 Monitoring, repor� ng and verifi ca� on (MRV) is essen� al,
otherwise REDD+ will go the way of the CDM with over complex rules for
many developing countries and where two countries (China and India) share
almost three-quarters of the total projects. 28 The rela� onship between the
CDM and REDD+ remains unclear. If REDD+ is linked with CDM its future is
dependent on that of the CDM, which is also uncertain. It has been suggested
that addi� onal emissions sources such as REDD+ should be kept separate
as it is uncertain how integra� ng REDD+ will impact on carbon markets. 29
REDD+ requires governance arrangements that can deliver large-scale
emissions reduc� ons. Inclusiveness of representa� on of forest dependent
people, civil society organiza� ons, and the private sector, as well as systemic
transparency are also necessary. 30
Global governance and the North/South divide
Some of these broader governance issues can be seen to be playing
themselves out in the various policy regimes tackling climate change. There
is an inherent and ongoing tension between sustainable development, and
climate governance, for example. Contradic� ons are evident in the Kyoto
Protocol in par� cular. On the sustainable development side of the equa� on it
promotes specializa� on and North/South technology transfer, and provides
an effi cient way of tackling emissions reduc� on cost eff ec� vely. Following the
Rio model of engagement, it also allows for mul� -stakeholder par� cipa� on
in climate governance, and enhances local capabili� es. However, the current
reali� es of climate governance are providing the West with a cheap way
to avoid taking ac� on itself, whilst simultaneously priva� zing the global
commons by ascribing private property rights to nature via the market.
These reali� es reinforce the domina� on of rich countries over poor, whilst
aliena� ng the poor from their land and decision making over common
resources. 31 Developing countries argue that developed countries should
take the lead in reducing emissions; developed countries in return argue
that they were unaware of the impacts of emissions previously and that it
is fairer to allocate burden sharing on the basis of current emission levels. 32
The current regulatory carbon-related framework, and its North to South
market-based models of capital transfer and carbon fi nance mechanisms,
27. Global Witness, Building Confi dence in REDD, Monitoring Beyond Carbon (London: Global
Witness, 2009).
28. Bleaney et al, Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Charlo� e Streck, Luis Gomez-Echeverri; Pablo Gutman; Cyril Loisel; Jacob Werksman,
REDD+ Ins� tu� onal Op� ons Assessment: Developing an Effi cient, Eff ec� ve, and Equitable
Ins� tu� onal Framework for REDD+ under the UNFCCC, h� p://www.redd-oar.org/links/
REDD+IOA_en.pdf, accessed 21/05/2010.
31. Okereke, “Climate Jus� ce and the Interna� onal Regime”, p. 470.
32. Ibid. p. 465.
Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 107