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prac� oners. ITDG Publishing, London Leach, M., R. Mearns and I. Scoones (1999): Environmental en� tlements: Dynamics and ins� tu� ons in community-based natural resource management. In: World Development 27 (2), p. 225-247 Lentz, E. C., C. Barre� and J. Hoddino� (2005): Food aid and dependency: Implica� ons for emergency food security assessments. World Food Programme, Rom Li� le, P. D. (2008): Food aid dependency in Northeastern Ethiopia: Myth or reality? In: World Development 36 (5), p. 860-874 Makenete, A., G. Ortmann and M. Darroch (1998): Food-aid dependency in Lesotho: Issues and policy implica� ons. In: Development Southern Africa 15 (2), p. 251 - 266 Maxwell, D. G., B. Watkins, R. Wheeler and G. Collings (2003): The coping strategy index. A tool for rapid measurement of household food security and the impact of food aid programs in humanitarian emergencies. Field methods manual. Paper presented at Food security in complex emergencies: building policy frameworks to address longer-term programming challenges., at Tivoli Moore, W. and S. Stanford (2010): Why do some countries have a long-term dependence on food aid? In: Journal of Economic Studies 37 (4), p. 438-454 Nepali Times (2011a): Fund insecurity. In: Nepali Times 548 --- (2011b): The trade of aid. In: Nepali Times 548 OECD (2005): The development eff ec� veness of food aid. Does tying ma� er? , Paris, France Sen, A. (1981): Poverty and famines: an essay on en� tlement and depriva� on. Oxford University Press, Oxford --- (1984): Resources, values and development. Basil Blackwell, Oxford --- (1995): Food, Economics, and En� tlements. In: J. Drèze, A. Sen and A. Hussain (Ed.): The poli� cal Economy of Hunger. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 50-66 --- (1999): Development as freedom. Oxford University Press, New York Shrestha, B. K. (1993): A Himalayan enclave in transi� on. A study of change in the western mountains of Nepal. ICIMOD, Kathmandu Singh, K. (2007): Quan� ta� ve social research methods. S. Publica� ons (Ed.). New Delhi Thieme, S. (2006): Social networks and migra� on. Far west Nepalese labour migrants in Delhi. U. Müller-Böker and S. Wälty (Ed.). Kultur, Gesellscha� , Umwelt 7. LIT, Münster UMN (2004): Food security and hunger survey in Nepal. Kathmandu --- (2008): A report on district level food security workshop, December 8-10, 2007, Gamgadhi, Mugu. Gamgadhi, Mugu UNDP (2004): Nepal Human Development Report 2004 - Empowerment and Poverty Reduc� on. Kathmandu Upre� , A. (2008): Dhido economy. Our fi xa� on on rice is harming our country. In: Nepali Times 399 Wahlberg, K. (2008): Food aid for the hungry? , accessed on: 20.12.2009. available at: h� p://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/ar� cle/217/46251.html. Wa� s, M. (2002): Hour of darkness: Vulnerability, security and globaliza� on. In: Geographica Helve� ca 57 (1), p. 5-18 Wa� s, M. and H. G. Bohle (1993a): Hunger, famine and the space of vulnerability. In: Geojournal 30 (2), p. 117-125 --- (1993b): The space of vulnerability: the causual structure of hunger and famine. Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal 157
In: Progress in Human Geography 17 (1), p. 43-67 WFP (1998): From crisis to recovery. WFP/EB.A/98/4-A. --- (1999): Enabling development. WFP/EB.A/99/4-A. Rome --- (2004): WFP and food-based safety nets: Concepts, experiences and future programming opportuni� es. WFP/EB.3/2004/4-A. Rome --- (2008a): Consolidated framework of WFP policies. WFP/EB.2/2008/4-F. Rome --- (2008b): WFP Strategic plan 2008-2013. Rome --- (2009a): District opera� on brief, Mugu September 2009. Nepalgunj --- (2009b): Food for assets. Programme monitoring report July 2009. Kathmandu --- (2009c): A sub-regional hunger index for Nepal. Kathmandu --- (2010a): Revolu� on. From food aid to food assistance. Innova� ons in overcoming hunger. S. W. Omamo, U. Gen� lini and S. Sandström (Ed.). Rome --- (2010b): WFP Nepal country strategy. 3 year plan 2010-2013. Kathmandu --- (2011a): Food security bulle� n 32. Kathmandu --- (2011b): Strategic evalua� on of WFP's role in social protec� on and safety nets. Evalua� on brief. Rome WFP and NDRI (2008): Food assistance for confl ict and high food price aff ected popula� ons in Nepal. Mid-term evalua� on report., Kathmandu 158 Changing paradigms of aid eff ec� veness in Nepal
Page 2:
Changing Paradigms Of Aid Effective
Page 5 and 6:
Changing Paradigms of Aid Eff ec�
Page 8 and 9:
Acknowledgement Six decades of ‘p
Page 10 and 11:
Acronyms: AAA Accra Agenda for Ac
Page 12:
ODA Offi cial Development Assistanc
Page 16 and 17:
Introduc� on: Effectiveness of Fo
Page 18 and 19:
Buoyancy of revenue coincides with
Page 20 and 21:
the en� re prospects for economic
Page 22 and 23:
(NAP) on Aid Eff ec� veness both
Page 24 and 25:
the IMF or the World Bank as these
Page 26 and 27:
uilding na� onal capacity and par
Page 28 and 29:
Tradi� onal global governance as
Page 30 and 31:
ut their impact has been mixed. Com
Page 32 and 33:
irregular unskilled daily wage labo
Page 34 and 35:
cul� vators who live in complex,
Page 36:
freedom and social jus� ce, imper
Page 39 and 40:
divided by fi ve. It is done becaus
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1.2 Foreign Aid in the Budget
Page 43 and 44:
more than three-fi � h in the LIC
Page 45 and 46:
Table 1.3: Foreign Aid and the Exte
Page 47 and 48:
An intriguing fact about the whole
Page 49 and 50:
Table 3. Foreign Aid and the Na�
Page 51 and 52:
14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 90 80 70
Page 53 and 54:
can absorb a far higher level of de
Page 55 and 56:
sources of foreign exchange earning
Page 57 and 58:
to increase the magnitude of GNI fr
Page 59 and 60:
Table 2.1 : An Interna� onal Comp
Page 61 and 62:
is rela� vely higher in Nepal as
Page 63 and 64:
accompanied by poor supervision of
Page 65 and 66:
conspicuously discouraged investmen
Page 67 and 68:
and, therefore, it is impera� ve
Page 69 and 70:
(2) How to more eff ec� vely inte
Page 71 and 72:
34 and reduce growing extent of tra
Page 73 and 74:
the process of industrial developme
Page 75 and 76:
Appendix 2: Quan� ta� ve Target
Page 77 and 78:
OAD/Nepal (2010). Report of the Off
Page 79 and 80:
focusing on conserving and expandin
Page 81 and 82:
1998, the total disbursement from a
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3: Offi cial Aid 1990-2009 4
Page 85 and 86:
poverty. In case of Nepal, access t
Page 87 and 88:
4 Challenge of Managing Aid in Evol
Page 89 and 90:
theories themselves remain vague an
Page 91 and 92:
thought no earlier development theo
Page 93 and 94:
‘Social Capital’ approach of de
Page 95 and 96:
inging all the donors working in Ne
Page 97 and 98:
sustainable and self-reliant develo
Page 99 and 100:
community. This is where eff ec�
Page 101 and 102:
Challenges and Limits to Choice Fac
Page 103 and 104:
5 Foreign Aid Politics in Developin
Page 105 and 106:
targets, some donors will therefore
Page 107 and 108:
avoided. This adds another nuance t
Page 109 and 110:
ut the interna� onal community mu
Page 111 and 112:
6 A bo� om up aid eff ec� venes
Page 113 and 114:
with the overall purpose of se� n
Page 115 and 116:
deepening public par� cipa� on
Page 117 and 118:
off er a minimum denominator for sh
Page 119 and 120:
the actual implementa� on of deve
Page 121 and 122:
“� mely, accurate and accessibl
Page 123 and 124:
Minimum standards for crea� on of
Page 125 and 126:
Nepal Is obviously in a good posi
Page 127 and 128:
Ac� on (AAA). All development act
Page 129 and 130:
presented drawing heavily from the
Page 131 and 132:
Confi dence in Nepal’s procuremen
Page 133 and 134:
8 Aid Eff ec� veness and Gender R
Page 135 and 136:
used in planning and managing gener
Page 137 and 138:
excluded groups (b) examining the g
Page 139 and 140:
9 Governing Emissions Reduc� on:
Page 141 and 142:
organisa� ons to ins� tu� ona
Page 143 and 144: and increasing GHG sinks (i.e. fore
Page 145 and 146: “which necessarily engenders an u
Page 147 and 148: Table 5.2 Breakdown of UNFCCC REDD+
Page 149 and 150: Quan� ta� ve survey results Tab
Page 151 and 152: 10 Green governance: Development ai
Page 153 and 154: fi nancial support in the forestry
Page 155 and 156: The Table shows that community fore
Page 157 and 158: Livelihood assets off ered by CFUGs
Page 159 and 160: 11 Foreign aid and Educa� on in N
Page 161 and 162: countries to the poor ones help to
Page 163 and 164: ilateral ODA from DAC members, comp
Page 165 and 166: in terms of foreign aid infl ow is
Page 167 and 168: Table 7.1: Public investment in edu
Page 169 and 170: agencies in Nepal’s educa� on s
Page 171 and 172: ecipient in giving and taking forei
Page 173 and 174: who can be manipulated by any shrew
Page 175 and 176: 12 Does Food Assistance matter? The
Page 177 and 178: These en� tlements are embedded i
Page 179 and 180: them to climb out of chronic povert
Page 181 and 182: assistance. While the bulk of food
Page 183 and 184: classifi ed as being capable of mai
Page 185 and 186: seasonal migra� on of men to Indi
Page 187 and 188: Insurance-eff ects The study reveal
Page 189 and 190: commodity prices, therefore decreas
Page 191 and 192: poverty, but yet not helping them t
Page 193: 156 a situa� on, where people can
Page 197 and 198: Figure 1: FAO Food Price Index (200
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3: Retail price of wheat and
Page 201 and 202: Way forward: Tackling rising food p
Page 203 and 204: 14 Food Insecurity in Nepal: A Pove
Page 205 and 206: secure access to suffi cient amount
Page 207 and 208: the distribu� on of this valuable
Page 209 and 210: structural features, but the domina
Page 211 and 212: top-down Geneva- and Paris-based mo
Page 213 and 214: subsequent disbursements spread ove
Page 215 and 216: is impossible, as pointed out in th
Page 217 and 218: eason why posi� ve economic and t
Page 219 and 220: The aid for land reform, as is evid
Page 221 and 222: ADB’s proposal to strengthen the
Page 223 and 224: Nepali Rupees in land transac� on
Page 225: Sincere thanks to: Birkha B Pun is
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