A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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92 A history of Inner Asia Significantly, an analogous work appeared among the Qarakhanids: the Qutadghu Bilig (“The Wisdom of Felicity”), a didactic poem written in Turkic by Yusuf of Balasaghun, the “Khass Hajib” or personal secretary of the Qarakhanid ruler.Dated to 1069, it is a near-contemporary of Mahmud Kashgari’s dictionary, and predates by a few years Nizam al- Mulk’s work.We can discern several characteristic strains in the Qutadghu Bilig: one is an Islamic religious veneer, for the author opens with the customary formulas of praise of God and Muhammad; another is a politico-philosophical substance, drawing on two different but mutually complementary systems: Iranian traditions of kingship and relationship between the sovereign, his ministers, and the people (it is in the sovereign’s interest to rule justly), and Turkic principles of the ruler’s duty to rule justly (because the heavenly mandate that makes his rule legitimate also makes him accountable for his actions and responsible for the people’s welfare); and a third veneer, local color, expressed above all in the poem’s Turkic language, but also in the delightful portrayals of the author’s and his Turkic compatriots’ homeland: the awakening of nature in the springtime, the boisterous joy of living creatures, the passing of a Silk Road caravan on its way from China.Like Mahmud of Kashgar, Yusuf of Balasaghun eloquently asserted his ethnic identity by giving his work a Turkic form and setting.We have already mentioned the efforts of some Qarakhanid rulers to rule justly, which are evident from their pious foundations and behavior; the Qutadghu Bilig is another illustration of the political and cultural climate characteristic of this first Turkic dynasty to rule Islamic Central Asia. The Qutadghu Bilig has survived in three undated manuscripts.Arabic script was used for two of these, but the third is in the Uighur alphabet. Internal evidence suggests that it was copied in the Timurid period (fifteenth century), when that script received new currency thanks to the ubiquity of Uighur bakhshis in the nomadic monarchs’ chanceries, or even to a certain Turkic pride among the elite.Today this didactic poem ranks among the priceless monuments of Turkic antiquity, cherished by linguists as well as by cultural and social historians.
chapter six Seljukids and Ghaznavids The turn of the millennium inaugurated in the originally Iranian part of Central Asia, as we have said, the rule of dynasties that issued from among Inner Asian nomads, primarily Turkic but soon also Mongol.A similar process began farther southwest and southeast, thus in the central lands of Islam and on the Indian subcontinent, where Seljukid and Ghaznavid dynasties came to power.Whereas, however, in Central Asia this process led to a permanent change and large-scale Turkicization of the populations, this did not happen elsewhere – with a few exceptions, the most notable being Turkey itself.In Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan, to name just the core lands affected by this change, native dynasties or governments soon or eventually reassumed power, and the process of Turkicization, if at all noticeable, gave ground to a reaffirmation of Iranian or Arab demographic, cultural, and political realities. The subject is relevant to our topic for several reasons.Both the dynasties mentioned originated in Central Asia, and their scions spoke Turkic; the staging area for their push into the heartlands of Islam and India was the province of Khurasan; and they had protracted and complex relations with the Qarakhanids.The Seljukids never relinquished Khurasan: they won it by 1040 in the historic battle of Dandanqan with the Ghaznavids; and the last monarch of its senior branch, Sanjar, who ruled from 1118 to 1157, chose it a century later as his home province, with Merv as his capital and final resting place. Like the Qarakhanids, the Seljukids appeared in Central Asia during the tenth century, but farther west on the lower course of the Syr Darya, near the Aral Sea, and as members of a different group of Turkic tribes called Oghuz.The Oghuz moved westward into the steppes of western Eurasia after the collapse of the Kök Turkic qaghanate, and became the dominant nomadic element there.Unlike other Turks who had at times created great though ephemeral empires and impressive civilizations, 93
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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Page 62 and 63: chapter one The beginnings To most
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Page 68 and 69: To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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Page 86 and 87: chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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170 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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228 A history of Inner Asia adoptio
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240 A history of Inner Asia disappr
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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250 A history of Inner Asia chauvin
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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