A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan, was Qutayba’s first target.The approach from Merv leads through the desert straddling the Oxus, with the crossing point at Amul; about half-way between the river and Bukhara lay Baykand, a renowned city of merchants wealthy from the Silk Road trade with China. Qutayba captured it in 706 and withdrew to Merv; a revolt provoked his swift return and exemplary punishment of the rebels, but an attempt to take the principality’s capital succeeded only in 709.The Bukharans were no strangers to dealing with the Arabs by then.The current ruler’s mother, known from Islamic histories only by her title Khatun, managed to retain independence through tribute repeatedly sent to the governors in Merv.This time, however, tribute was not enough, no doubt because Qutayba had vaster plans for Transoxania.Nevertheless, he did not relinquish forthwith the method of letting a local sovereign keep his post, on the strict conditions of obedience and payment of tribute.Thus Tughshada, Khatun’s son, continued as Bukhar-khudat, khuda or khudat being one of the princely titles in Iranian Central Asia. The capital of Sogdia proper, Samarkand, at first seemed to repeat the success of Bukhara’s Khatun, for its king, Tarkhun, paid Qutayba off with a tribute and hostages.Eventually, however, Tarkhun paid for the peace with his life, because a faction opposing the agreement killed him and installed its leader, Ghurak, as the king of Samarkand.This led to a full-scale conquest of that city, but not immediately, for Qutayba had to mount campaigns at two other poles of Central Asia, Tokharistan and Khwarazm. The former province had already come under some degree of Arab control, but was racked by revolts and required Qutayba’s personal interventions to be pacified.These events occurred in 710 or 711, and on the second occasion the Arab commander returned from Balkh via Tirmidh and the “Iron Gate” to Bukhara and Merv.By then his attention had turned toward Khwarazm, whose sovereign was inviting him to intervene on his behalf: the Khwarazmshah had indeed sent a message complaining about his younger brother Khurrazad, who despite his junior status was terrorizing him and the whole kingdom.Qutayba ibn Muslim seems to have received this message just as he was preparing for a campaign against Samarkand.He swerved with his army toward Khwarazm, and took control of the kingdom without a fight except for a punitive expedition entrusted to his brother Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim, who apparently seized Khurrazad with 4,000 men.Qutayba, who waited in the “capital” – presumably Kath – delivered Khurrazad to the Khwarazmshah, who killed his brother, while Qutayba had the prisoners executed (possibly at the request of the Khwarazmshah).As in
Kök Turks, Chinese expansion, and Arab conquest 59 Bukhara, here too the Arab viceroy allowed the local sovereign to retain his throne, under the supervision of an Arab governor.The first governor, Iyas ibn Abdallah, did not prove equal to the task, and could not prevent a revolt in which the Khwarazmians killed the vassal king. Curiously, the rebels attacked the Khwarazmshah but not the Arabs, and the action may indeed not have been meant to reject Arab suzerainty.This did not save them from a terrible retribution.After a “holding action” under another of Qutayba’s brothers, Abdallah ibn Muslim, an Arab army, triumphant after the conquest of Samarkand, carried out a reconquest which included a slaughter of most of the upper classes and destruction of much cultural heritage of the province. Samarkand’s turn came on the heels of the first Khwarazmian campaign, thus still in 712.By all counts, Qutayba should have been expected to return to Merv, and he exploited this stratagem to catch the Sogdians unprepared.One of our main sources for this period of Islamic history is the great chronicler Tabari (d. 923), and it may be worthwhile to let him narrate the salient events: Qutayba reached Sughd ...with twenty thousand men.He reached it accompanied by Khwarazmians and Bukharans ...and said: “When we light on a people’s courtyard, how evil will be the morning of them that are warned!” He besieged them for a month.In the course of being besieged, [the Sogdians] fought [the Muslims] several times.They wrote to the king of Shash and the ikhshad of Fergana: “If the Arabs vanquish us, they will visit upon you the like of what they brought us!” [The latter] agreed to set out [against the Arabs] and sent [word] to [the Sogdians]: “Send [against the Arabs] those who may distract them, so that we may make a night attack on their camp!” 4 The author then narrates how Qutayba had been apprised through his spies of the planned attack, and how the Arabs had thwarted it through a stratagem but also thanks to their fighting valor; admiration was expressed for that of the enemy as well.According to a participant, I was present, and I have never seen people fighting more strongly or with more fortitude in adversity than the sons of those kings; only a few of them fled.We gathered their weapons, cut off their heads, and took prisoners.We asked them about those whom we had killed, and they said: “You have killed none other than a son of a king, or one of the nobles, or one of the heroes.You have killed men the equal of a hundred men.” In those cases we wrote [their names] on their ears.Then we entered the camp in the morning, and there was not a single 4 Tarikh, published as Annales, ed.De Goeje, series 2, vol.II, pp.1243–53 (Arabic text); a cooperative translation project currently published as The History of al-Tabari (passages pertaining to this subject in vol.XXIII, pp.191–201, by M.Hinds).
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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Page 62 and 63: chapter one The beginnings To most
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Page 68 and 69: To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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Page 86 and 87: chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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