A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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292 A history of Inner Asia Cooperation is the rule now, and the economic union formed by Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan in the first months of 1994 is only the most visible example of this evolution.This does not mean that the area is devoid of disputes, chiefly ethnic and economic.The most dramatic cases were those of Meskhetian Turks in Uzbekistan’s Fergana province who were attacked by Uzbek “hooligans” in June 1989, and of a large Uzbek minority in the Osh region of Kyrgyzstan, which in 1990 became the target of bloody assaults by the Kyrgyz populace.The Meskhetians once lived in Soviet Armenia along the Turkish border, and were deported by Stalin during the war years; the recent trouble made most of them leave Uzbekistan and move to Russia.As for the Uzbek–Kyrgyz dispute, it remained localized; condemned by both countries’ governments and citizenry, it was speedily resolved. An obvious and potentially troublesome question is relations between Tajikistan and the four Turkic republics.So far it has been overshadowed by the civil war that erupted in 1992.The complexity of its causes, parties involved, goals pursued, conflicting reports and interpretations offered defies convincing conclusions, but one important consensus appears certain: that of the leaders of the other four Central Asian republics and of the Russian Federation regarding the need to prevent the possibility of a militant Islamic takeover.Their fears may have been unfounded or unjust, but there is no way of knowing that for sure; it may indeed be that their intervention has played a decisive role in the prevention of any such takeover, and at any rate it is likely to continue doing so for some time to come.The crisis has also deepened the perceived difference between the Tajiks and the Turks; why has this chaos occurred in Tajikistan, and not in the other republics of Central Asia? Is it just because of the proximity of Afghanistan, or have the Tajik Muslims been more receptive to inspiration from that quarter because of their Iranian identity? In the long run and in the context discussed here, however, there may yet surface a more intractable problem: that of the Tajik minorities (some Tajiks would say majorities) in such cities as Samarkand and Bukhara, or even of the entire Zarafshan vallley, and of the Uzbek minority in western Tajikistan. Problems of an economic nature arising from the question of how to manage the distribution of vital water resources may also prove vexing. Turkmenistan’s aforementioned Karakum canal has tapped the Amu Darya so heavily that it is blamed by the Uzbeks for the catastrophic desiccation of the Aral Sea and the plight of Uzbekistan’s agricultural districts near the river’s delta; the Turkmen government, however, has so
Independent Central Asian Republics 293 far been reluctant to accept their neighbor’s proposals to review the existing situation, a legacy of the Soviet era.Some have made the sensible proposal that the Karakum canal be eliminated altogether.Besides debilitating the Amu Darya, the canal also wastes much of the precious water because of primitive or mismanaged technology (most of its course lacks lining, hence considerable seepage or flooding in places where the water is not needed), a problem characteristic of many irrigation projects carried out in the Soviet period. Each of the five republics now has a new constitution that guarantees the familiar political and human rights as understood in terms of Western democracy, and although, as we have pointed out, the innovation has so far had little practical application, the stage is set.Meanwhile all five republics are struggling to survive the economic crisis brought about by the transition from central planning and state ownership to market economy and privatization.The struggle and its prospective outcome are inevitably affected by similar processes in other parts of the former Soviet Union, particularly the Russian Federation, but there are grounds for optimism. The area abounds in mineral and agricultural wealth; the value of Uzbekistan’s gold, copper, and zinc deposits has been estimated at $3 trillion, and gold deposits in Kyrgyzstan appear promising; the aforementioned oil of Kazakhstan, natural gas of Turkmenistan, hydroelectric power of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and cotton of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan are other examples.An abundant and well-trained labor force and an advantageous geo-economic position (here again, the Silk Road may not be just a romantic saga 3 ) are the ideal complement to these natural assets.The problems, however, are also formidable.Aside from the birth pangs of a new system, the area faces two major challenges: ecological and demographic.The plight of the Aral Sea has become familiar to anyone following the news media, and it is only the most visible case of catastrophic abuse of water resources; the related ill effects of cotton monoculture propped up by chemical fertilizers and pesticides have attained similar notoriety.Total disregard of these dangers was one of the hallmarks of the Communist era (and not only in Central Asia; zones of pollution and moonscapes of man-made wasteland littered the rest of the empire and its satellites in Eastern Europe as well) and has become one of its worst legacies: for basic economic and psychological reasons, the solution of the problem will be 3 See, however, our aforementioned qualifications.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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150 A history of Inner Asia they wo
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152 A history of Inner Asia leader,
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154 A history of Inner Asia imate t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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170 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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186 A history of Inner Asia For 372
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188 A history of Inner Asia the wes
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190 A history of Inner Asia Khoqand
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192 A history of Inner Asia the fai
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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196 A history of Inner Asia prestig
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198 A history of Inner Asia about R
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200 A history of Inner Asia We may
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204 A history of Inner Asia extent
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206 A history of Inner Asia modern
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208 A history of Inner Asia in whic
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210 A history of Inner Asia newspap
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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214 A history of Inner Asia and mil
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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218 A history of Inner Asia began t
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220 A history of Inner Asia Communi
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224 A history of Inner Asia An esse
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228 A history of Inner Asia adoptio
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230 A history of Inner Asia it.It i
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232 A history of Inner Asia of the
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234 A history of Inner Asia had led
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240 A history of Inner Asia disappr
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Page 280 and 281: Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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Page 292 and 293: Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
Page 294 and 295: UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
Page 296 and 297: Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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Page 332 and 333: Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
Page 334 and 335: 318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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Page 338 and 339: 322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
Page 340 and 341: 324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
Page 342 and 343: 326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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Page 346 and 347: 330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
Page 348 and 349: 332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
Page 350 and 351: 334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
Page 352 and 353: 336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
Page 354 and 355: 338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
Page 356 and 357: 340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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