A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (1770) Confused situation, with leaders of the Qungrat tribe assuming the role of inaq or majordomo similar to that of the ataliq played in Bukhara by Manghit chieftains; Muhammad Amin (1770–90) and his son Avaz (1790–1803) thus ruled in the name of puppet khans, but the latter’s son Iltüzer put an end to this practice and proclaimed himself khan. (b) Qungrats or Inaqids, 1803–1919 1.Iltüzer, son of the inak Avaz (1803–1806) 2.Muhammad Rahim (1806–25) 3.Allah Quli (1825–42) 4.Rahim Quli (1842–45) 5.Muhammad Amin (1845–55) 6.Abdallah (1855) 7.Qutlugh Murad (1855–56) 8.Sayyid Muhammad (1856–65) 9.Sayyid Muhammad Rahim (1865–1919); Russian conquest in 1873, truncation of the khanate’s territory (the entire area on the right – northern – bank of the Amu Darya was detached from Khiva and added to the Syr Darya oblast of the Governorate-General of Turkestan), continuation of his rule as the Tsar’s vassal. 10.Abd al-Sayyid (1919) Bolshevik revolution, establishment of the Khorezm People’s Republic in 1920 Yalavachids (Central Asia and China, thirteenth–fourteenth centuries; see T.T.Allsen, “Mahmud Yalavach, Mas’ud Beg, Ali Beg, Safaliq, Bujir,” In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol Yuan Period, ed.I.de Rachewiltz, Wiesbaden 1993, pp.122–36) In 1218, Genghis Khan sent three Muslim merchants to the Khwarazmshah Muhammad with proposals of trade and friendship. One of the three envoys was Mahmud Yalavach, a Khwarazmian who appears to have entered Mongol service sometime between 1211 and 1218.It was the beginning of a glorious career in the service of the Great Khans that ended only with Mahmud’s natural death at Beijing in 1254; what is more, his son Masud and three of his grandsons also held high posts in the Mongol empire, a true dynasty of admin-
Appendix 1 329 istrators whose historical importance may have surpassed that of most khans. 1.Mahmud Yalavach, fl.1218–54 2.Masud Beg, his son, fl.1239–89 3.Abu Bakr, Masud Beg’s son, fl.1289–98 4.Satilmish, Abu Bakr’s brother, fl.1298–1302.Suyunich, another brother, fl.1302–? The Khwajas of Kashgaria (Isenbike Togan, table 29 and pp. 474–76 in Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol.5; A.G.Schwarz, “The Khwajas of Eastern Turkestan,” Central Asiatic Journal, 20 (1976): 266–96) The term khwaja (also spelled khvaja, and its more popular form khoja) has a complex history, multifaceted connotation, and uncertain etymology. In the case under discussion here, it was an honorific title assumed by two branches of a family of Naqshbandi dervishes originally from Transoxania but who from the middle of the sixteenth to the middle of the eighteenth centuries wielded considerable spiritual, economic and political power in Kashgaria or Sinkiang’s Altishahr portion (“Hexapolis” or region of six cities: Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, Aksu, Uch Turfan, and Kucha). The two branches were descended from the Naqshbandi sufi Ahmad Kasani, better remembered as Makhdum-i Azam (an honorific title with Arabic etymology and Persian construction, meaning “The Great Master” (1462–1543). (a) the Afaqiya branch (Aqtaghliq or “White Mountain” Khwajas) 1.Makhdum-i Azam’s son Muhammad Amin called “Ishan-i Kalan” (an honorific title with Persian and Turki etymology, an approximate synonym of Makhdum-i Azam; d.1597/8) 2.Muhammad Yusuf (d.ca.1653) 3.Hidayat Allah commonly called Khwaja Afaq or Apaq (d.1694; the name Afaqi or Afaqiya was coined after this Khwaja) 4.Khan Khwajam Yahya (d.1696) 5.Hasan Bughra Khan (d.1725) 6.Ahmad
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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186 A history of Inner Asia For 372
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188 A history of Inner Asia the wes
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190 A history of Inner Asia Khoqand
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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204 A history of Inner Asia extent
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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220 A history of Inner Asia Communi
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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250 A history of Inner Asia chauvin
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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274 A history of Inner Asia the poi
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
Page 294 and 295: UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
Page 296 and 297: Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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Page 332 and 333: Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
Page 334 and 335: 318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
Page 336 and 337: 320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
Page 338 and 339: 322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
Page 340 and 341: 324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
Page 342 and 343: 326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
Page 346 and 347: 330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
Page 348 and 349: 332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
Page 350 and 351: 334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
Page 352 and 353: 336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
Page 354 and 355: 338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
Page 356 and 357: 340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
Page 358 and 359: 342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
Page 360 and 361: 344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
Page 362 and 363: 346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
Page 364 and 365: 348 Select bibliography Language Pl
Page 366 and 367: 350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
Page 368 and 369: 352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
Page 370 and 371: 354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
Page 372 and 373: 356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
Page 374 and 375: 358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
Page 376 and 377: Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
Page 378 and 379: 362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
Page 380 and 381: 364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
Page 382 and 383: 366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
Page 384 and 385: 368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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