A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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312 A history of Inner Asia The proliferation of new or reopened mosques testifies to the participation of the masses.Here again it should be no surprise if this religious renaissance assumes a variety of forms depending on the intellectual level and social milieu of the participants.They range from the chiefly cultural appreciation by sophisticated secular urbanites to the somewhat contradictory programs of the young dynamic clergy (such as the aforementioned Turajonzoda) to the semi-pagan rites of the masses making pilgrimage to any of the countless burial sites of semi-legendary saints. The leadership and the constituencies also meet on common ground when they venerate memories they had previously been forced to ignore, and disregard events they had previously been ordered to worship.An example is two sites in Turkmenistan, Göktepe and a nameless site by the railroad near Krasnovodsk.Göktepe was a fortress where in 1879 Turkmen defenders defeated a Russian army under General Lazarev, a major success of Central Asian resistance against colonial conquest.The Russians had their revenge two years later, when in 1881 another force, better prepared and led by the able General Skobelev, stormed the fortress and inflicted horrendous losses on the Turkmens.Soviet historiography played down this tragedy as a minor glitch in the otherwise “voluntary unification of the Turkmens with Russia,” or better still, passed over it in silence.As for the nameless site near the Caspian, it witnessed a tragedy marking the still undecided pendulum swinging between the Reds and Whites in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan: the execution of the “26 Baku commissars” on 20 September 1918.These Bosheviks fled Baku temporarily reconquered by the nationalists and boarded a steamer, hoping to reach Bolshevik-held Astrakhan.Instead, the captain steered the ship due east to Krasnovodsk, which was under the control of the Whites.The commissars – an assortment of Russians, Armenians, Georgians, and an Azerbaijani – were shot or bayoneted in a desolate location by the railroad, and they subsequently entered the pantheon of Soviet hagiography.The Turkmens were constantly reminded of the martyrdom that had taken place on their territory – in contrast to Göktepe which was better left unmentioned.With the arrival of glasnost, movements like Agzybirlik began to agitate for a commemoration of the real martyrdom.The still Communist leadership at first dragged its feet; once the Soviet empire fell and the Turkmen comrades became nationalists, however, they jumped on that bandwagon with gusto.The site, embellished with a newly errected memorial building, is now an important place of patriotic pilgrimage.
Summary and conclusion 313 We are thus concluding this brief survey of the former Soviet Central Asia’s past and present with a mixture of apprehension, hope, and an admission of the complexity and unpredictability of things to come.For the first time since colonial conquest in the nineteenth century, Central Asians are masters of their own house.Russians may be welcome and even encouraged to continue living in the independent republics, but no longer as a privileged minority.The Central Asian republics have many resources: agriculture, mineral deposits, a pleasant climate, historical monuments, natural beauty, position at the crossroads of the world, an able and plentiful administration and workforce.All these assets may turn this region into one of the world’s choice places to live and do business with, and into one of the prime sites of archeology and tourism. This will happen, however, only if its leadership and citizens mature into a civil society that is mindful of its common interests, respectful of each other’s rights, and aware of the need to preserve the environment not only through intelligent use and protection but also by admitting that unchecked population growth may ultimately exhaust and destroy it.If the oases of Uzbekistan gradually phase out some of the cotton production and return to growing a variety of fruits, melons and cereals less voracious of water, they may once again become the earthly paradise praised in the tenth century by the Arab traveler Ibn Hawqal.If the Uzbek hotel and other tourist industry infrastructure rises above the notorious Soviet standards to those of the developed world, international tourism will surely make Samarkand, Bukhara, and many other places prime targets of travel, and businessmen and technicians from abroad will enjoy their visits and assignments there.President Akaev has repeatedly stated his goal to turn Kyrgyzstan into a Central Asian Switzerland.It is a praiseworthy and realizable goal, for his country may even surpass Switzerland in natural beauty and historical interest. Again, however, the Kyrgyz need to learn much from the Swiss before they can compete with them.Akaev’s Turkmen colleague Turkmenbashy (Saparmurad Niyazov) came out with an analogous ambition: to turn Turkmenistan into a Central Asian Kuwait, thanks to its fabulous deposits of natural gas and oil.Aside from the forgivable exaggeration, the ambition, before becoming a reality, will need a considerable dose of business acumen, international negotiations, and new pipelines to get these riches to the world market.Similar reservations can be made about Kazakhstan.At best, it will take a few years before Central Asian societies can begin to feel the benefits from these many assets, and things may keep getting worse before they get better.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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186 A history of Inner Asia For 372
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188 A history of Inner Asia the wes
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190 A history of Inner Asia Khoqand
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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204 A history of Inner Asia extent
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208 A history of Inner Asia in whic
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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220 A history of Inner Asia Communi
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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250 A history of Inner Asia chauvin
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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Page 280 and 281: Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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Page 292 and 293: Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
Page 294 and 295: UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
Page 296 and 297: Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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Page 332 and 333: Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
Page 334 and 335: 318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
Page 336 and 337: 320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
Page 338 and 339: 322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
Page 340 and 341: 324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
Page 342 and 343: 326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
Page 344 and 345: 328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
Page 346 and 347: 330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
Page 348 and 349: 332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
Page 350 and 351: 334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
Page 352 and 353: 336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
Page 354 and 355: 338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
Page 356 and 357: 340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
Page 358 and 359: 342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
Page 360 and 361: 344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
Page 362 and 363: 346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
Page 364 and 365: 348 Select bibliography Language Pl
Page 366 and 367: 350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
Page 368 and 369: 352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
Page 370 and 371: 354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
Page 372 and 373: 356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
Page 374 and 375: 358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
Page 376 and 377: Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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