A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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304 A history of Inner Asia A significant aspect of this counterattack was the fact that it was led mainly by the indigenous intellectuals – journalists, academicians, professionals.The politicians – professional Communists and government bureaucrats – mostly adopted a wait-and-see attitude, unsure of what the new climate of glasnost and perestroika, which now had also spread to Central Asia, would ultimately mean for their situation. One of the novelties was that Central Asians were not only free to criticize Russia and Communist ideology, but also to demand democratic freedoms in their own republics.Political pluralism and a free press began to make their unprecedented appearance, just as they were doing in Russia and elsewhere in the expiring empire.An Uzbek movement called Birlik (Unity) was founded in November 1988.Led by Abdurahim Pulatov, a scientist, it was on the cutting edge of a campaign to make Uzbek the official language of the republic.The campaign was crowned with success when the Uzbek Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution to this effect on 21 October 1989.The movement demanded more, however: genuine democracy, and it did not hesitate to take on the Communist Party of Uzbekistan.Birlik stopped short of claiming the status of a political party, but that role was soon assumed by a group of intellectuals led by the poets Muhammad Salikh and Erkin Vahidov, who in April 1990 founded the Erk Democratic Party (“Erk” means “freedom” or “[people’s] will,” a favorite concept for naming political movements at the dawn of Central Asian independence).Erk gave every sign of offering the kind of constructive opposition to the ruling Democratic Party (as the Communist Party of Uzbekistan renamed itself after the collapse of the Soviet Union) that the country so desperately needed in order to become a healthy pluralistic democracy.Islam Karimov and the new political Democrats at first seemed to accept the new rules of the game, and Muhammad Salikh could even run for President in December 1991.He garnered 12 percent of the votes, against the 86 percent received by Karimov.How fair the election was is hard to say.What matters is the fact that Salikh could run without being excessively intimidated.Had that precious amount of freedom persisted, he might have done better next time, if the voters decided that new people should be given a chance to search for new solutions.Since 1992, however, those holding power have made their position virtually impregnable by means of decrees, legislation, and intimidation, and the initially promising alternatives have been pushed to the margin of political and public life.Erk is now withering as a party that has been refused
Summary and conclusion 305 official registration, and whose members have been under constant threat of prosecution and intermittent prison terms. Genuine democrats thus soon ran into stiff resistance from the Uzbek political elite, but during the unique period of glasnost and its flickering afterglow in the first year of independence they could afford to take risks because of glasnost emanating from Moscow.This was the greatest irony: Moscow, which had just recently tried to once more cow the Uzbeks into a denationalized submission, now cast a protective shadow over those of their leaders who dared to challenge a system it had installed there in the first place. The situation was similar in the other republics.In Turkmenistan a movement called Agzybirlik (Unity; a synonym of the Uzbek Birlik, except that Turkmen adds the word agyz, “mouth, voice,” to the term based on the numeral bir, “one,” augmented by the noun-forming suffix -lik; thus perhaps translatable as “Unison”) made its appearance, and had a comparable agenda and subsequent fate.In Kazakhstan a similar movement chose the name Azat, “Free” (one could have expected rather its nominal derivation, azattyk = freedom; it is a synonym of erk, but in contrast to that genuinely Turkic word it has a Persian etymology), while the Kyrgyz simply called their analogous association “Kyrgyzstan.” The Tajiks did not stay behind either, and one of their new parties took the suggestive name Rastokhez, “Renaissance.” Moreover, these were not the only new associations or political parties.Others sprang up, and their number, type, ethnic coloring, effectiveness, and ultimate fate have varied from republic to republic.By and large, however, they belong to the same general political process which we have proposed to view as a Central Asian Spring, a phenomenon that celebrated its all too brief florescence between 1988 and 1992.Democracy, human rights, and economic recovery seemed to be within reach during those years.These hopes have dimmed since then.To a considerable extent this was inevitable, and similar retreats from the initial euphoria of liberation could be seen in most other parts of the defunct Soviet empire.Nevertheless, a disturbingly widening chasm between Central Asia and such countries as Russia, Poland, Hungary, or Georgia has made its appearance.On the Central Asian side there is a troubling evolution toward autocracy. Liberated from the restrictive force of glasnost imposed upon them during the final years of membership in the Soviet Union, Islam Karimov and Saparmurad Niyazov, the presidents of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, have become virtual dictators, throwing the dissenters
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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136 A history of Inner Asia almost
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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150 A history of Inner Asia they wo
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152 A history of Inner Asia leader,
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154 A history of Inner Asia imate t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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170 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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186 A history of Inner Asia For 372
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188 A history of Inner Asia the wes
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190 A history of Inner Asia Khoqand
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192 A history of Inner Asia the fai
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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196 A history of Inner Asia prestig
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200 A history of Inner Asia We may
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202 A history of Inner Asia One fin
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204 A history of Inner Asia extent
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206 A history of Inner Asia modern
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208 A history of Inner Asia in whic
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210 A history of Inner Asia newspap
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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214 A history of Inner Asia and mil
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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218 A history of Inner Asia began t
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220 A history of Inner Asia Communi
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222 A history of Inner Asia their s
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224 A history of Inner Asia An esse
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226 A history of Inner Asia besides
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228 A history of Inner Asia adoptio
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230 A history of Inner Asia it.It i
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232 A history of Inner Asia of the
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246 A history of Inner Asia to succ
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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250 A history of Inner Asia chauvin
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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Page 280 and 281: Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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Page 292 and 293: Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
Page 294 and 295: UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
Page 296 and 297: Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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Page 332 and 333: Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
Page 334 and 335: 318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
Page 336 and 337: 320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
Page 338 and 339: 322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
Page 340 and 341: 324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
Page 342 and 343: 326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
Page 344 and 345: 328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
Page 346 and 347: 330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
Page 348 and 349: 332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
Page 350 and 351: 334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
Page 352 and 353: 336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
Page 354 and 355: 338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
Page 356 and 357: 340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
Page 358 and 359: 342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
Page 360 and 361: 344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
Page 362 and 363: 346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
Page 364 and 365: 348 Select bibliography Language Pl
Page 366 and 367: 350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
Page 368 and 369: 352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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