A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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228 A history of Inner Asia adoption of the third constitution in 1978, as it is described in the Uzbek Sovet Entsiklopediyasi (Uzbek Soviet Encyclopaedia, Tashkent 1980, vol. 14, pp.490–91): The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist populist state (sotsialistik umumkhalq davlat) which expresses the will and interests of the republic’s workers, agriculturists, and intellectuals (ishchilar, dehqonlar, va ziyalilar), and of the toilers (mehnatkashlar) of all nationalities (millatlar) and ethnic groups (elatlar)....The UzSSR is a sovereign state (suveren davlat) with equal rights (teng huquqli) within the framework of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which firmly ties together all the nationalities and ethnic groups as a polity, the Soviet people, with the goal of together building communism (kommunizm qurish uchun).Its government functions on its own territory in an independent manner, except for those questions that pertain to the highest organs of the USSR; it has the right to freely leave the USSR (öz erki bilan SSSRdan chiqish huquqini saqlaydi).... The Uzbek SSR has the right to establish relations with foreign countries, to make treaties with them, to appoint diplomatic and consular representatives with them, to participate in the activities of international organizations.The sovereign rights of the Uzbek SSR are guaranteed by the USSR according to its own Constitution [that is, the Constitution of the Soviet Union]. ...The highest governmental organ is the unicameral Supreme Soviet [Russian “sovet,” literally, “council, advice” but here with the connotation of “parliament, congress”] of the Uzbek SSR (Uzbekiston SSR Oliy Soveti), elected for five years....During the periods of recess, its work is done by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.The highest executive and administrative organ is the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR (Uzbekiston SSR Ministrlar Soveti).The organs of local government are the Soviets of people’s deputies from regions (oblast), districts (raion), towns (shahar), townships ( poselka), villages (qishloq), and encampments (ovul ), elected for two and a half years.Thirty-two deputies from Uzbekistan, and eleven deputies from Karakalpakistan are elected to the Soviet of Nationalities (Millatlar Soveti) of the Supreme Sovet of the USSR....The pivot (özak) of the republic’s governmental and social organisms is the guiding and leading force of Soviet society, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and one of its advance platoons (avangard otryadlaridan biri), the Communist Party of Uzbekistan. We have emphasized two clauses in the quoted summary, because they stand out for their special importance.The first states that the government of Uzbekistan functions on its territory except in those matters that pertain to the whole USSR; the principal matters in question were defense, finance, communications and transportation, and foreign affairs, all of which were centrally directed from Moscow.This alone shows how purely theoretical was Uzbekistan’s freedom to leave the Soviet Union.The second clause, “The pivot of the republic’s governmental and social organisms is the guiding and leading force of
Soviet Central Asia 229 Soviet society, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union...”, is especially significant; it reveals the unique role of the Communist Party, totally different from that of a political party in the Western sense: an organism beyond and above the law and conventional government, it was the real master of the country.The remark about its Uzbek branch is revealing too: like a military platoon, it had to carry out the orders of the high command at the center (hence the Russo-Uzbek term otryad, rather uncommon outside of military parlance). Aside from these specific aspects of integrated parallelism, there also existed a less explicit but nevertheless pervasive and insidious integration.A doubling of functions was one such device: the fact that almost every functionary in a top executive position, whether governmental, political, or cultural, had a twin colleague, theoretically the number two of that position but in fact performing the role of keeping an eye on his partner.In most cases, the “number one” was an Uzbek, Kazakh, etc., according to the republic, “number two” being a Slav, usually a Russian or a Ukrainian.Another device was the doubling of the basic institutions or publications with Russian ones – or, rather, of the Russian ones with the native ones.Thus the Communist Party of the RSFSR was paralleled by those of the republics, in addition to the existence, as the supreme arbiter, of an All-Union party; the Academy of Sciences of the Russian SFSR was paralleled by those of the other Union republics, again in addition to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; the Union of Writers of the Russian SFSR, by those of the other republics (again, besides the umbrella Union of Writers of the USSR).The literary monthly Novyi Mir, published by the Union of Soviet Writers in Moscow, had such counterparts as the bimonthly Sharq Yulduzi published by the Union of Uzbek writers in Tashkent; the Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, also had its counterparts in the encyclopedias of the Union Republics, published to accompany the new constitutions of 1978 (besides the fourteen-volume Uzbek one, there is the thirteen-volume Qazaq Sovet Entsiklopediyasy, the eight-volume Türkmen Sovet Entsiklopediyasy, the eight-volume Entsiklopediyai Sovetii Tojik, and the six-volume Kyrgyz Sovet Entsiklopediyasy). The constitution naturally says nothing about religion, unless we take the plausible view that Communism and the Communist Party assumed the role of religion and of an organized religious hierarchy.We have seen the central place that Islam had occupied in the life of the area’s Muslims, and the new regime made a sustained and massive effort to eradicate it and to substitute “scientific atheism” and Communism for
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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136 A history of Inner Asia almost
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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150 A history of Inner Asia they wo
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152 A history of Inner Asia leader,
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154 A history of Inner Asia imate t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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170 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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Page 210 and 211: SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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Page 292 and 293: Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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306 A history of Inner Asia into ja
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308 A history of Inner Asia as the
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310 A history of Inner Asia near th
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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