A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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192 A history of Inner Asia the faithful every evening during the month of Ramadan, after having fasted all day; it is an occasion not only to enjoy the meal but also the company of friends, until the wee hours of the morning if the means are there and the companions congenial.Such was Umar Khan’s circle, but women were excluded: here the strictures of Islamic morals prevailed over the lingering nomadic customs which gave women greater freedom, and over the unconventional intellectual atmosphere at the khan’s court which appreciated brilliance, even if it was displayed by women.The religious establishment, however, eventually had its revenge: Nadira’s behavior, deemed an impermissible innovation (bida) from the Islamic point of view, was to play a role in her condemnation and execution along with her son Madali and her grandson Ali in 1842. Umar Khan cultivated the friendship of the religious establishment partly for political reasons, for he strove to enhance his own power by breaking that of his tribal peers, the Uzbek chieftains.Moreover, he created a mercenary army composed not of Uzbeks or even other tribesmen but of the mostly Iranian highlanders from the Pamirs.Under his successors, strains also appeared more generally between the settled population and the nomadic elements.Of the settled citizens, those who spoke Turki were here called Sarts, those who spoke Persian were called Tajiks; the ranks of the sedentaries were also swelling with the rapidly sedentarizing Uzbek tribes like the Ming.The still nomadic elements included the Kipchak tribe (this is what the word Kipchak means here, a connotation different from the ethnolinguistic term applied by modern linguists to those Turks who spoke or speak the Kipchak form of Turkic), who had recently moved into Fergana from the Kazakh steppe (following in this other tribes such as the Ming who had arrived a century earlier), and the Kyrgyz nomads of the khanate’s mountainous periphery fringing the Fergana valley to the east and south.These tensions, perhaps more than the routinely mentioned dissolute character of Madali Khan and of his successors, and the readiness of the emirs of Bukhara to intervene and exploit the situation, caused the decline and collapse of the khanate’s political structure between 1840 and 1876.In 1840 rebels asked the emir Nasr Allah for help.The latter came with his troops and defeated Madali, who had to declare himself a vassal of Bukhara; two years later another rebellion overthrew Madali, however, he was killed while trying to flee, and Khoqand was occupied by the troops of Nasr Allah, who this time annexed the territory outright.His governor was almost instantly driven out, and Madali’s uncle Shir Ali Khan (ruled 1842–45) assumed power.The emir again appeared before
Bukhara, Khiva, and Khoqand 193 Khoqand in 1843 and besieged it for forty days, but an attack on Bukhara by the khan of Khiva Allahqulikhan forced Nasr Allah to hurry home and saved the city and the khan, who also recovered Khujand and Tashkent. The depravity of some khans, wars with Bukhara, and the unresolved tension between the khans’ authority, tribal factions, and the settled population, together with the resulting civil wars, eventually deprived the khanate of what there was left of political stability, and in the end the Russians were virtually forced to impose their own solution.This instability is illustrated by the career of the last ruler, Khudayar (1845–75): he was removed from the throne in 1858 when another member of the dynasty, Malla Khan, replaced him (1858–62); in 1862 he regained his throne, but lost it to yet another relative (1863–65); finally in 1865 Khudayar ascended the throne for the third and last time, thanks to the support he had received from the emir of Bukhara Muzaffar.The squabbles among the Central Asians were characteristic of the incomprehension they had of the historic events that were changing their world.The Russians captured Tashkent in that same year of 1865; in 1868 they defeated the emir of Bukhara and, drastically reducing his territory, made him their de facto vassal.In the same year, without even having to resort to military action, they imposed a treaty on Khudayar Khan that had a similar form, and after having annexed all of the khanate’s northwestern and northern territories.The new arrangement, however, did not suffice to save the khan or the khanate, in contrast to Bukhara.In 1873 a series of rebellions, led by Ishaq Hasan and Abdurahman Awtobashi, broke out and by July 1875 forced Khudayar Khan to seek refuge at the Russian mission.The Russians helped him leave the khanate and find safety in Tashkent, which by then was the administrative center of the newly established guberniya or imperial province of Turkestan.Khudayar’s son Nasriddin was placed on the throne at Khoqand, but in October of the same year he was overthrown by a usurper named Pulat Khan and had to seek asylum in Russian-held Khujand.The disorders in the khanate continued, until in February 1876 the Russians occupied the entire territory and annexed it, as the oblast (region) of Fergana, to the province of Turkestan.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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136 A history of Inner Asia almost
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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Page 160 and 161: chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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Page 178 and 179: chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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Page 210 and 211: SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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242 A history of Inner Asia Alim Kh
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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250 A history of Inner Asia chauvin
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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274 A history of Inner Asia the poi
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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306 A history of Inner Asia into ja
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308 A history of Inner Asia as the
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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