A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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210 A history of Inner Asia newspapers, and make demands.Thus on 4–8 April 1 the first congress of Turkestanian Muslims was held in Tashkent.It created the Türkistan Müslüman Merkezi Shurasi (Central Council of Turkestanian Muslims) and elected Mustafa Chokay as its president.On 8 April 1917 it passed the following resolution: We, the Muslims of Turkestan, who after a subjugation of many years by Tsarist Russia find for the first time, thanks to the Revolution and to our struggle against Tsarist rule, the opportunity to present our demands: We consider it right to form an organization that will bring out our national voice and solve our main problems.This organization has the following goals: 1.To represent the interests of the Turkestanians before the Revolutionary authorities. 2.To prepare the ground for the autonomy of Turkestan. 3.To defend religious rights (the shariat courts, a central administration for religious affairs). 4.To solve the problem of land tenure. 5.To further the cultural development of Turkestan. 6.To examine all the laws that affect the Muslims of Turkestan. The organization is called The Central Islamic Council of Turkestan.We want to emphasize that it does not have the function of a political party but has as its aim the unification of all the patriots of Turkestan concerned about the welfare of their fatherland. The organization consisted of two wings: a conservative one led by Shir Ali Lapin, and a reformist one led by Münevver Qari.The conservatives then formed an organization of their own, the Ulema Jemiyeti (Association of the Ulema), and the reformists the Shura-yi Islam (Islamic Council).The statements and demands of the Central Islamic Council, addressed to no one in particular but implicitly to the Russian authorities in Tashkent and Petrograd, received little practical response from those quarters.The new contest for Turkestan between Muslims and Russians was only beginning. It was the second Russian revolution of 1917, the Bolshevik one of October/November, that seemed to promise true liberation, for selfdetermination of all the subject peoples of the former Tsarist empire was one of its professed goals.This was explicitly stated in two proclamations which the new government, the Council of People’s 1 The question of exact dates for this period is troublesome because the Russian empire still used the Julian calendar, and a switch to the Gregorian system occurred only after the October/November Revolution.This has produced occasional inconsistencies in secondary sources, and I have made no attempt to ascertain whether specific dates had been “converted” or not.
From Governorates-General to Union Republics 211 Commissars, issued on 2 and 20 November 1917 respectively.The first proclamation was of a general nature and concerned all the non- Russian nationalities of Russia; the second proclamation addressed itself specifically to the Muslims, and read: 2 To All Muslim Workers of Russia and the Orient Comrades! Brothers! Great events are taking place in Russia.A bloody war that had been started for the sake of dividing up of foreign lands is drawing to a close.The rule of predators who had subjugated the nations of the world is collapsing.The old edifice of thraldom and serfdom is falling under the blows of the Russian revolution. The world of arbitrariness and oppression is living its last days.A new world, the world of workers who have liberated themselves, is being born.At the forefront of this world is the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of Russia – the Council of People’s Commissars. All Russia is studded with Revolutionary Councils of Workers’, Soldiers’, and Peasants’ deputies.Power is in the hands of the people.The toiling masses of Russia speak with one voice about their wish to conclude an honest peace and to help the oppressed peoples of the world attain freedom. ...In the face of these great events we are turning to you, the toiling and disinherited Muslims of Russia and the Orient. Muslims of Russia, Tatars of the Volga and the Crimea, Kyrgyz and Sarts of Siberia and Turkestan, Turks and Tatars of Transcaucasia, Chechens and mountain dwellers of the Caucasus, all you whose mosques and places of worship have been destroyed, whose beliefs and customs have been trampled on by the tsars and oppressors of Russia! From now on your beliefs and customs, your national and cultural institutions are being declared free and inviolable. Arrange your national life freely and without hindrance.This is your right. Know that your rights, just as the rights of all the peoples of Russia, are protected by the might of the Revolution and by its organs, the Councils of Workers’, Soldiers’, and Peasants’ Deputies.Support then this Revolution and its executive organ, the Government! ...Muslims of Russia! Muslims of the Orient! We expect your sympathy and support on this path toward a rebirth of the world! Signed: V.Ulyanov (Lenin), Chairman of the Council of Commissars; J. Dzhugashvili (Stalin), Commissar for Nationality Affairs. The Bolshevik Revolution was replicated in Tashkent a few days after the events in Petrograd, and on 15 November 1917 the Third Regional Congress of the Soviets proclaimed the authority of the new regime over 2 B.Hayit, Sowjetrussische Orientpolitik am Beispiel Turkestans (Köln-Berlin, 1962), pp.217–18.The author cites two Soviet publications as the sources for the original Russian text: Sobranie ukazov rasporyazheniy raboche-krestyanskogo pravitelstva (Moscow, 1917–18), vol.19 (Dec.1917), no.7, appendix 2; and Narodnyi komissariat po delam natsionalnostey, Politika sovetskoy vlasti po natsionalnym delam za tri goda, 1917–1920 (Moscow, 1920).
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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136 A history of Inner Asia almost
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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150 A history of Inner Asia they wo
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152 A history of Inner Asia leader,
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154 A history of Inner Asia imate t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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Page 178 and 179: chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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Page 210 and 211: SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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274 A history of Inner Asia the poi
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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