A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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214 A history of Inner Asia and military reach of revolutionary Tashkent.This congress was marked not only by an alliance of the conservative Ulema Jemiyeti with the progressive Shura-yi Islam, but also by the participation of non- Muslims brought there by their anti-Bolshevik sentiments. The congress elected a parliament, Khalq Shurasi (People’s Council; the word shura is a translation of the Russian sovet, “advice, council,” usually spelled in English as soviet), which consisted of fifty-four members: thirty-six of these were Muslims, while eighteen were Russians or other non-Muslims.Shir Ali Lapin became president of this parliament, which on 11 December 1917 nominated a committee of ten members that was meant to function as a provisional government.This parliament and government claimed to represent a territory and population identical with those claimed by the Soviet power in Tashkent: 1,524,000 square kilometers and 5,363,000 inhabitants.The following resolution was adopted by the congress: The Fourth Extraordinary Congress, expressing the will of the peoples of Turkestan to self-determination in accordance with the principles proclaimed by the Great Russian Revolution, declares Turkestan territory autonomous in union with the Federal Democratic Republic of Russia.The elaboration of the form of autonomy of Turkestan is entrusted to the Constituent Assembly of Turkestan, which must be convened as soon as possible.The Congress solemnly pledges herewith that the rights of national minorities will be fully safeguarded. There thus developed in Turkestan a historic confrontation, from December 1917 to February 1918, between the predominantly Muslim regional government in Khoqand and the predominantly Russian one in Tashkent.In terms of national self-determination, the former could claim to be the more legitimate body; in the eyes of the Bolsheviks, however, it was a bourgeois government that had to be eliminated: for them, there was no compromise between the two, but the Muslims of Khoqand had not yet fully grasped to which side of the contradiction the central authorities in Moscow were leaning when in January 1918 the Khalq Shurasi made an indirect appeal to the Bolshevik government that it honor its professed commitment to national self-determination. As People’s Commissar for Nationality Affairs, Stalin sent a sarcastic reply to the appeal from Khoqand that the Tashkent Soviet be dissolved: The [Tashkent] Soviets are autonomous in their internal affairs and they discharge their duties by depending upon their actual resources.The native proletariat of Turkestan, therefore, should not appeal to the Central Soviet Power with the request to dissolve the Turkestan Sovnarkom, which in their opinion is depending upon the non-Muslim army elements, but should themselves dissolve it by force, if such force is available to the native proletariat and peasants.
From Governorates-General to Union Republics 215 Stalin of course knew that the only real force in Turkestan was the military force held by the Russians, and that there could be but one outcome from a confrontation between Tashkent and Khoqand.It was, in the last analysis, a confrontation between Moscow and Khoqand, except that the incipient civil war at first prevented direct intervention from the center.Even under those circumstances, the Muslims proved no match for the Russians of Tashkent: the government of Khoqand had virtually no army, little administrative apparatus, and negligible financial resources.The Tashkent government sent a small expeditionary corps that stormed Khoqand on 22 February 1918, arrested those members of the parliament who had not fled, and established Soviet rule in Fergana. alash orda and kyrgyz (i.e. kazakh) autonomous soviet socialist republic (kazssr) While the Muslims of the defunct Governorate-General of Turkestan were endeavoring to gain recognition of their rights first in Tashkent and then, having failed there, through the Khoqand experiment, the Kazakhs of the Governorate-General of the Steppe and of the other two provinces, Turgai and Uralsk, were making similar efforts on their part.These efforts crystallized in the formation of a movement that received the name “Alash Orda” after a traditional battle cry (“Alash!”) of Kazakh nomads.The movement had at first a structure similar to that of various patriotic groups, but after its first general convention at Orenburg in July and August 1917, it assumed the role of the leading national party.By December 1917 this party formed a Kazakh government which then pleaded with Moscow for recognition in a manner similar to that of the slightly later but much briefer Khoqand government.It ultimately failed, and the reasons were again similar: with no real army at its disposal, and meager financial resources, it was no match for the Bolsheviks, who were determined to eliminate any rival to their power.As a national government controlling a sizable portion of Kazakh territory, the Alash Orda hardly even existed; as a movement, on the other hand, it managed to persist until March 1920 when the Kyrgyz (i.e. Kazakh) Revolutionary Committee (a body controlled by Russian Bolsheviks), after the definitive Red victory over the Whites, ordered its dissolution. By then Moscow had its own plan for Kazakhstan and quickly proceeded to implement it.On 26 August 1920 Lenin and Kalinin signed a decree “On the creation of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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136 A history of Inner Asia almost
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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150 A history of Inner Asia they wo
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152 A history of Inner Asia leader,
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154 A history of Inner Asia imate t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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Page 210 and 211: SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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274 A history of Inner Asia the poi
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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306 A history of Inner Asia into ja
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308 A history of Inner Asia as the
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310 A history of Inner Asia near th
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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