A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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100 A history of Inner Asia assets, increased many times over through superb planning, discipline, and concentration of troops at critical points, would a century later make the Mongols of Genghis Khan and his successors the greatest conquerors in history. The Qarakhitay contented themselves, however, with the aforementioned arrangement after their victory, and that enabled the last two generations of Qarakhanids to outlast their erstwhile Seljuk overlords and carry on almost down to the Mongol invasion.Almost, but not quite: for Sanjar’s defeat and the collapse of the Great Seljuks gave a freer rein to the perennial Khwarazmshahs, who in their delta oasis kingdom found new energy for expansion into former Seljuk territories.At first, however, they had to free themselves from Qarakhitay domination, for they too had been compelled to submit and pay regular tribute.The Khwarazmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad (1200–20) did so in two stages: he eliminated the Qarakhitay’s Qarakhanid vassal of Samarkand, and he then defeated the Qarakhitay themselves, who had set out to counter the upstart.This happened in 1210, and from then on Muhammad turned his main attention westward toward the heartland of the Dar al- Islam, driven by the ambition to upstage the Seljuks and in his turn become the “protector” of the caliph in Baghdad (or, according to some sources, to rid Islam of the Sunni caliph and install himself as the champion of the legitimacy of the Ahl al-Bayt, the Prophet’s descendants symbolized by the hidden mahdi, the Khwarazmshah having espoused the Shii cause for that purpose).Ala al-Din Muhammad almost succeeded, for much of Iran fell to him, and he was on the verge of the final push into Iraq when alarming news from Central Asia demanded his immediate return. By then, in 1218, both the Qarakhanids and their overlords the Qarakhitay – who despite their failure against the Khwarazmshah Muhammad had maintained themselves in Semireche – had been overthrown by Küchlüg.The son of the defeated chief of the Nayman tribe, Küchlüg had fled with its remnants from Genghis Khan’s Mongols, and gained strength to the point of substituting his rule for that of the Qarakhitay.Converting to Buddhism through the influence of his Qarakhitay wife, Küchlüg began to terrorize the by then devoutly Muslim inhabitants of western Sinkiang.He eventually also attacked and killed the Qarluq ruler of the city of Almaliq, however, and this proved to be his doom, for the victim’s son appealed to the Mongols for help.Küchlüg fled before an advance party led by the general (noyon) Jebe, but was overtaken and killed while seeking refuge in the Pamir
Seljukids and Ghaznavids 101 mountains.His case is significant chiefly because it more quickly attracted Genghis Khan’s attention to Inner Asia’s western marches. This event brings us to the cataclysmic turning point of Inner Asian history, the rise of the Mongol empire of Genghis Khan.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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