A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Empire (ca. 622) Volga R. Angara R. L. Baikal Yenisei R. Irtysh R. Loyang Changan TANG CHINA western branch Turfan Khotan Hami Orkhon River eastern (main) Aral branch Sea Talas Bukhara Samarkand Kucha Tunhuang T a r i m Ctesiphon Kashgar Bactra B a s i n SASANIAN EMPIRE Constantinople Black Sea BYZANTINE EMPIRE Huang-Ho C a s pian S e a Yang-tse Medina Persian Gulf Mecca ARABIA INDIA Indian Ocean Map 2 Kök Turkic Empire, ca.622
Kök Turks, Chinese expansion, and Arab conquest 53 gain an advantage over their rivals; on the economic level, the Silk Road trade gained further from governmental participation, and no doubt contributed to the fame and quantity of Chinese luxury wares appearing in the area, and to the development of the famous breed of Fergana horses sent to China. The new masters organized Sinkiang in a manner that left its existing structures intact and allowed it to retain its individuality, its way of life, and its local government.The area, which the Chinese called Anshi (“The Pacified West”), was divided into several (usually four or five) administrative regions, and military garrisons were posted at strategic locations; the native monarchs kept their thrones and only had to recognize the authority of the principal governor, who resided at Kucha. With the Kök Turks of Mongolia it was a different story.Some of the nomads succumbed to the lure of China’s sophisticated civilization, but others launched a liberation movement.By 680 they had regained independence and restored their empire, also bringing the western wing under their sway.Within one generation, in the early years of the eighth century, the Kök Turks undertook military campaigns still farther west and south into Transoxania and even beyond the Amu Darya into Afghanistan’s Tokharistan region.Then in the 720s and 730s several members of the ruling family and the elite recorded through a series of inscriptions the story of their people’s and dynasty’s early history, their subsequent humiliation under Chinese rule, the dramatic liberation, and the great conquests to the east and west.The principal inscriptions were carved on funerary steles found near the River Orkhon in northwestern Mongolia, hence the name they have received in modern scholarly literature, “Orkhon inscriptions.” The tombs by which the steles stood have long disappeared, but we can infer from the texts themselves that they must have been remarkable examples of funerary art, and that not only the Turks themselves but also Chinese craftsmen and artists collaborated in their creation.But it is the language of the texts, the alphabet in which they are written, and the epic, poetic beauty of the principal ones that have placed them among the great monuments of mankind’s cultural heritage.The texts have been a treasure trove for philologists studying the history of the Turkic languages.The alphabet at first sight, and even on closer inspection, appears completely original and traceable to still older Turkic tamghas or symbols found at archaeological sites and probably having a magical or proprietary function.This is why its decipherment at first seemed all but impossible, until the Danish scholar Vilhelm Thomsen (1842–1927) broke the code and published the first translation
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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Page 62 and 63: chapter one The beginnings To most
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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