A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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142 A history of Inner Asia formal sciences and chose the Sufi path instead.Rather than attaching himself to a prominent living master, he came under the spell of a longdeceased one, Bayezid Bistami (d.874; in this sense he could be considered an uwaysi, like his spiritual descendant Baha al-Din Naqshband), whose mystical utterances had inspired successive generations of Sufis before the actual formation of tariqas.Yusuf Hamadani’s own charismatic personality gained him a following of disciples and invitations from other centers of Islamic culture, especially Merv, Herat, and Bukhara.He lived in what was politically the empire of the Great Seljuks, and his final years coincided with the reign of Sultan Sanjar and of his vassals the Qarakhanids – two Turkic dynasties ruling the chiefly Iranian part of the Dar al-Islam.It was in Bukhara that the shaykh formed four of his principal khalifas: after the death of the first two, Ahmad Yasavi was honored with that role in 1160, but did not stay long there; turning over that function in this still essentially Iranian city to Abd al-Khaliq Gijduvani, he returned to his hometown of Yasi, presumably to spread his master’s path among his fellow Turks.The Tariqa-i Khwajagan, the Path of the Khwajas thus named after its initiators’ title (that is, after Khwaja Yusuf Hamadani), found its characteristically Central Asian expression through two branches, the Iranian one starting with Khwaja Abd al-Khaliq Gijduvani in Bukhara, the Turkic one with Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi in Yasi.The Iranian branch, as we have seen, coalesced into a full-fledged tariqa only two centuries later with Khwaja Baha al-Din Naqshband and then assumed this founder’s name as the Naqshbandiya; the Turkic branch, on the other hand, flourished from the beginning as the Yasaviya, and became the great Sufi order of Central Asian Turks. Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi did not live long after his return to Turkestan, for he died in 1166 or 1167 (the Hijra year 562).Those six or seven years among his countrymen sufficed, however, for the khwaja to gain a great following of steppe Turks, and he passed the torch to khalifas who insured the preservation of his memory and of the type of Sufi poetry he devised for the benefit of unsophisticated but enthusiastic recent converts.The didactic poems he composed became known as hikmats (“wisdoms,” a loanword from Arabic), and gained tremendous vogue among Central Asian Turks, and, through imitators, even among those of Turkey.In its present form, the Divan-i Hikmat could hardly have been penned by him or written down by others directly from his utterances. The earliest extant copies can be dated to the seventeenth century, and their language is demonstrably not the Turkic of the twelfth century.It
Timur and the Timurids 143 certainly harbors the spirit which inspired the Khwaja and with which he inspired his followers and imitators, however. As an organized tariqa, the Yasaviya eventually succumbed to the Naqshbandiya (or, more exactly, was absorbed by it), but less completely than the third of the Central Asian tariqas, the Kubraviya.As we might expect, it retained some of its identity among the Turks of the Kipchak steppe despite the inroads of the Naqshbandiya.Moreover, Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi’s enduring example and tomb continued to play their role as powerful anchors of Islam among the nomads of the Kipchak steppe or, if we shift the chronological angle, among the Muslim masses of Kazakhstan and the other Central Asian republics.As in the case of other Muslim saints, his tomb became the goal of pilgrimage of the common people as well as the object of veneration and generosity of the mighty.We have already mentioned the magnificent mausoleum erected over his tomb by Tamerlane in 1395.A century later Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi’s example served as inspiration to another conqueror, this time an Uzbek Turk from the Kipchak steppe – the aforementioned Muhammad Shaybani.The khan was not only a man of the sword but also of the pen, the author of politico-religious poetry and treatises written in Turki.One of this monarch’s ghazals expresses his veneration for Ahmad Yasavi, and the process that transformed the town of Yasi into the great place of pilgrimage of Turkestan: Avliyalar sarvari ol Shah-i Türkistan emish * Yär yüzini nuri tutqan Mah-i Türkistan emish… Dedilär: “Qayda barur sen, köp Samarqandda vali!” * Bu Shabani arzusi Dargah-i Türkistan emish. (The chief of saints is this Lord of Turkestan * He is the Moon of Turkestan shining over the face of the earth … People said: “Where are you going? There are many saints in Samarkand!” * I, Shabani, had one desire: the Court of Turkestan [i.e., the shrine of Ahmad Yasavi].) 1 1 A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, “Yasavi ideology in Muhammad Shaybani Khan’s vision of an Uzbek Islamic Empire,” Harvard Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 41–56.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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Page 178 and 179: chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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200 A history of Inner Asia We may
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202 A history of Inner Asia One fin
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204 A history of Inner Asia extent
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206 A history of Inner Asia modern
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208 A history of Inner Asia in whic
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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218 A history of Inner Asia began t
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220 A history of Inner Asia Communi
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224 A history of Inner Asia An esse
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226 A history of Inner Asia besides
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228 A history of Inner Asia adoptio
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240 A history of Inner Asia disappr
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242 A history of Inner Asia Alim Kh
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244 A history of Inner Asia the fin
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246 A history of Inner Asia to succ
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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250 A history of Inner Asia chauvin
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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308 A history of Inner Asia as the
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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