A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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154 A history of Inner Asia imate than that of the Timurids and to reinstall Sunni rule in Iran, the khans spent their efforts on reaffirming their hold on Transoxania, Fergana, and eastern Khurasan.Samarkand and Bukhara took turns or combined as the ruling family’s capitals, while Balkh became the heir presumptive’s seat, and Tashkent the center of the fourth major appanage.Most khans endeavored to stimulate agriculture through new irrigation works and dams, to encourage the crafts and trade by building more caravanserais and bridges, and to please God and the religious class by building more mosques, madrasas, and khangahs, showing munificence to both the secular clergy and the powerful Naqshbandi tariqa.They also proved to be respectable patrons of the book arts, in both the artifactual and literary sense; Tabriz may have been the principal beneficiary from the collapse of Timurid Herat, with Bihzad and other craftsmen joining the ateliers of the Safavid rulers, but Shaybanid Bukhara and Samarkand also received their share. From among the khans of the dynasty, three may be singled out as especially prominent: the realm’s founder Muhammad Shaybani or Shaybak Khan (1500–10), his nephew Ubaydallah Khan (1533–39; effective ruler since 1512), and Abdallah Khan (Abdallah II, 1583–98; effective ruler since 1557). The founder, as we have said, competed with Shah Ismail for the Timurids’ Iranian heritage and lost both the contest and his life in this struggle.His successors contented themselves with periodic raids into Persian Khurasan, although in 1528 the contest just missed a reprise of 1510 when Shah Tahmasp (1524–76) defeated Ubaydallah Khan, this time partly thanks to the cannon which the Persians learned to appreciate since the disastrous battle of Chaldiran.Ubaydallah was nevertheless less reckless, and by the time he added the official title to his effective exercise of power, he was paying more attention to the conditions in his own territories.He acquired the reputation of a just and pious ruler, and his favorite city Bukhara flourished to the point where Shaybanid civilization came close to a revival of the achievements of the Timurid age. One example is the splendid Mir Arab madrasa, built in 1535 under the khan’s auspices but through the direct sponsorship of the shaykhulislam (chief justice) Mir Arab.This madrasa also served as the final resting place for both the khan and his cleric; and it was one of the two Islamic seminaries in Uzbekistan (the other was the Barak Khan madrasa in Tashkent) which were allowed to function throughout the Soviet period. Here is what Ubaydallah Khan’s younger contemporary Haydar Mirza
The Shaybanids 155 (1499–1551), the author of the Tarikh-i Rashidi, says about the khan and Bukhara under his rule: 4 It is my view that in the course of these last hundred years, in the whole world where there have been sovereigns, none like him has been heard of or seen.First of all he was a Muslim ruler, devout, pious, abstinent.He scrupulously applied the tenets of the Holy Law to all matters of religion, confession, commonwealth, state, the army, and the populace, and would not suffer a deviation from this law by a hair’s breadth.In the thicket of valor he was [like] a charging lion, in the sea of generosity his palm was [like] a pearl-bearing shell – an individual adorned with an array of good qualities.He wrote the seven styles of calligraphy, the naskh best of all.He copied several exemplars of God’s Word [i.e.the Koran] and sent them to the two noble cities [i.e.Mecca and Medina].He also wrote nastaliq well, and had a divan of poetry in Turki, Arabic, and Farsi [Persian] to his credit.He was versed in the art of music, and his compositions are [still] sung by musicians.[In short,] he was a sovereign [endowed] with every kind of laudable quality.In his time, there was such a gathering of learned men and such a large population in Bukhara, which was his capital, that one was reminded of Herat in the days of Sultan Husayn Mirza. Abdallah Khan at first ruled in the name of his father Iskander, whose succession he secured only after tough competition with several relatives of the extended dynastic family; for the principle of family rule, characteristic of Turco-Mongol nomads, still lingered on, and other princes supported by their parties of Uzbek emirs were ready only too often to throw off allegiance to the khan or to start claiming the throne for themselves.Even after the consolidation of his rule and during his official tenure of office, Abdallah had to wage campaigns to reaffirm his authority.Beyond the limits of Transoxania to the south, Khurasan remained the chronic battleground with the Safavids, but just east of there, northern Afghanistan – the ancient Tokharistan – became a prized Shaybanid territory.The importance of Balkh, its capital, turned partly on the role this city came to play as a communications and commercial link between Central Asia and Timurid or Mughal (“Great Moghul”) India, where Babur’s antagonism to the Shaybanids gave way, by the time of his grandson Akbar (1542–1605; ruled from 1556), to friendly relations which, besides trade, included diplomatic and cultural contacts.A goodneighbor policy and even alliance and personal contacts also developed 4 Mirza Haydar Dughlat, Tarikh-i-Rashidi: a History of the Moghuls of Central Asia, tr.E.Denison Ross, London 1898, p.283; and ed.and tr.W.M.Thackston, Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1996, vol.1 (Persian text) pp.233–34; vol.2 (English translation), p.182.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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Page 178 and 179: chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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