A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

The Buddhist Mongols 173
rying out the proposed reorganization of Jungaria with Amursana as a
Manchu vassal.When the latter tried to renege on his commitment, Panti
seized him and sent him to Beijing, but the Oirat chieftain escaped and
managed to organize an uprising against the Chinese force.Pan-ti committed
suicide, but Amursana’s triumph was short-lived: the Manchu
general Chao-hui came with another army and by 1757 crushed all
resistance.Amursana fled to Siberia, where he died soon afterwards.
Meanwhile Chao-hui with his Manchu troops had decimated the Oirat
tribes living in Jungaria to the point where the area, annexed as a crown
possession of the Manchu dynasty (1758) but almost depopulated,
needed recolonization.The Manchus proceeded to repopulate the province
with various elements, but excluding the ethnic Chinese; eventually
these elements included also those Torghut Kalmyks who had left their
khanate on the lower Volga in 1771.
While Jungaria was being agitated by the upheavals that led to the
extermination of its Oirat population, Kashgaria continued to be ruled
by four sons of the Qarataghliq Khwaja Daniyal: Yusuf at Kashgar,
Jagan at Yarkand, Ayyub at Aksu, and Abdallah at Khotan.Led by the
energetic Yusuf, they exploited the disorders agitating their infidel suzerains
by declaring full independence in 1753.Two years later Amursana,
who had just returned with Chinese troops to Jungaria, arranged for a
small force of Chinese to expel the rebellious Qarataghliq Khwajas and
install, as vassals in their stead, their rivals the Aqtaghliq Khwajas
Burhan al-din (the Great Khwaja) and his brother Khwaja Jan (the Little
Khwaja), who had since 1720 languished in semi-captivity at Kulja.The
project succeeded, but as soon as Amursana and the Chinese began to
quarrel, the two Aqtaghliq Khwajas proclaimed themselves independent
and even defeated the small force sent against them by the Chinese
in 1757.The next year, however, more troops came and besieged
Burhan al-Din at Kashgar and Khwaja Jan at Yarkand.The cities were
taken in 1759, and both Khwajas fled to Badakhshan, where the local
Muslim ruler yielded to Chinese pressure and had them executed.
Kashgaria, like Jungaria, became a Manchu possession as part of the
crown’s Sinkiang province.
Among the Oirats of Jungaria it was the Khoshot, as we have said,
who dominated the scene since their khan Khara-khula (d.1634) and his
son Baatur-Khongtaiji (1634–53) had consolidated Oirat control of the
area.The first expansion of the Jungars was directed against their neighbors
to the west, the Kazakhs of the Greater Horde.In two memorable
campaigns, Baatur defeated the khan Ishim in 1635, and then his son