A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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98 A history of Inner Asia for an entertainment; he then sent a messenger to Qadir Khan inviting him to be his guest.When Qadir Khan arrived, Mahmud ordered the banquet to be arranged as magnificently as possible; the two then ate together at the same table.After the meal they went to the hall of gaiety [majlis-i tarab]; it was splendidly adorned with rare flowers, delicate fruits, precious stones, gold-embroidered fabrics, crystal, beautiful mirrors and [other] rare objects, so that Qadir Khan could not regain his composure.They remained seated for some time. Qadir Khan drank no wine, as it is not customary for the kings of Transoxania, especially the Turkic kings, to do so.They listened to music for a while, then [Qadir Khan] rose.Thereupon the Amir Mahmud ordered presents to be brought, namely, gold and silver goblets, precious stones, rarities from Baghdad, fine fabrics, costly weapons, valuable horses with gold bridles and sticks studded with precious stones, ten she-elephants with gold ornaments and goads studded with jewels; mules from Bardhaa with gold trappings, litters for journeys by camel with girths, gold and silver sticks and bells, also litters of embroidered satin; valuable fabrics and carpets, of Armenian work, as well as uwaysi and parti-colored carpets; embroidered headbands; rose-colored stamped stuffs from Tabaristan; Indian swords, Qamari aloes, Maqasiri sandal wood, grey amber, she-asses, skins of Barbary panthers, hunting dogs, falcons and eagles trained to hunt cranes, antelopes and other game.He saw Qadir Khan off with great ceremony, showing him many favors and apologizing [for the inadequacy of his entertainment and presents].On returning to his camp and examining all these precious things, jewels, arms and riches, Qadir Khan was filled with astonishment and did not know how to requite him for them.Then he ordered the treasurer to open the door of the treasury, took thence much money and sent it to Mahmud, together with the products of Turkestan, namely fine horses with gold trappings, Turkic slaves with gold belts and quivers, falcons and gerfalcons, sable, miniver, ermine and fox furs, vessels of the skins of two sheep with horns of the khutuw, Chinese satin and so forth.Both sovereigns parted entirely satisfied, in peace and amity. With the Seljukids, on the other hand, the rivalry knew no compromise, and the Ghaznavids were the losers; it was their aforementioned defeat at Dandanqan (a site in Turkmenistan, some 70 km southwest of Merv), in 1040 that definitively deflected their efforts away from Central Asia toward India. By the time Sultan Sanjar came to power in 1118, then, the Seljukid empire seemed firmly established and, if the lateral branches of the family as well as the vassal states are included, it was the most extensive realm that Islam had known since the heyday of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates: from Transoxania in the northeast to Iran, Iraq, part of Syria, and a good deal of Anatolia.In 1141, however, the sultan suffered a defeat whose consequences may not at first sight have seemed too disastrous, for all that it cost him was Transoxania.Its delayed effect
Seljukids and Ghaznavids 99 was, however, more serious; and with the benefit of hindsight, we can add that it portended a terrible calamity. The conquerors who invaded Transoxania and defeated Sanjar were the Qarakhitay, descendants of the aforementioneed Khitan who had two centuries earlier invaded northern China and, adopting the dynastic name of Liao, founded their own state there.By 1125, however, that scenario was replayed when another invader from the northeast, the Tungus Jürchen, drove out the Khitan and ruled northern China under the dynastic name of Chin.A substantial number of the Khitan migrated westward, approximately following the northern Silk Road, and gained strength to the point of defeating an eastern Qarakhanid khan in Sinkiang a mere three years after their ouster from China.It was then the turn of the western Qarakhanids and of their suzerain, Sanjar. The sultan and his vassals met them on the Qatvan steppe, a short distance to the northeast of Samarkand, in 1141.The Khitan soundly beat them, and Sanjar barely escaped. To Islamic historians, these western Khitan (who probably spoke a Mongol language) came to be known as Qarakhitay, and they were as much a puzzle to them as they are to modern historians.The Qarakhitay allowed some of the Qarakhanids to continue their rule as vassals, and themselves lived in Semireche with their headquarters, remembered by the Turco-Mongol name of Ordubaliq, near Balasaghun.The Uighur idiqut of Turfan too acknowledged their suzerainty, as did the Qarluq rulers of Almaliq and Qayaliq.The Khitan were partially Sinicized by the time the Jürchen drove them out of China, and they retained that veneer throughout their second incarnation: the sources mention only the Chinese form of their names, and their coins have Chinese legends; and despite their relatively long rule of eighty years in a mostly Muslim territory, they never converted to Islam. Living under infidel rule is anathema to Muslims, yet Muslim historians grudgingly concede that the Qarakhitay were surprisingly fair-minded and tolerant rulers. With the benefit of hindsight, however, we can say that there was something sinister about the manner in which the Qarakhitay defeated Sanjar and his allies in 1141.The newcomers had despite their Chinese veneer remained essentially steppe nomads, and they overcame the larger host of a Turkic monarch who had in contrast become more accultured to the ways of Near Eastern sedentaries and their manner of fighting.Greater mobility, together with superior maneuvering of cavalry and archers, carried the day for the Qarakhitay.The same
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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170 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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242 A history of Inner Asia Alim Kh
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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