A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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30 A history of Inner Asia is that Turkmen, Azeri, and Turkish are close enough to allow adequate communication (barring occasional lexical problems, mostly of recent date); the same could be said of Kazakh and Kyrgyz.As for Uzbek and Uighur, they are almost identical, and could easily merge into one official language if political separation did not stand in the way; this separation is graphically illustrated by the different alphabets they use: Uzbek is written in the Cyrillic script (although there is now a plan, in Uzbekistan and the other three Turkic republics of Central Asia, to switch to the Roman alphabet), Uighur in the Arabic or, less commonly, in the Roman and Cyrillic scripts.The reality of this identity is also suggested by the fact that prior to the special turns brought about by political nationalism and alien, Soviet and Chinese, rule in the 1920s, the two languages were more commonly known as Turki.A similar factor of political separation and different alphabets affects the relationship between Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen: even they, under different political circumstances, could converge into one official language.On the other hand, if a gathering of Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz tried to use their respective languages, the participants would run into such problems that they would probably resort to a different but commonly known language – at present Russian.If the Turks of Turkey and the Uighurs of Sinkiang – neither likely to know Russian – were also present, the gathering would have to endeavor to create an improvised common Turkic with varying degrees of success and failure. Nevertheless, the intrinsic kinship of the Turkic languages which concern us here has a powerful effect in two respects.A native speaker of any one of them, when exposed to any of the others, is likely to become used to the differences, and will up to a point be able to function in such a new milieu; and the fundamentally identical grammatical structure and lexical content of all of them make it feasible for him to learn the kindred idiom – if he makes the effort – better and faster than a member of an alien linguistic family could.This has important implications both for understanding the Turks’ recent history and for assessing their future relations: once the barriers represented by political boundaries are relaxed or removed, and the imposed alien writing systems are replaced by a unified one, the sense of common identity can pass to a level of practical reality with promising potential for the future of the whole area.In Central Asia, a powerful precedent existed in the form of Chaghatay Turkic, a literary form of Turki perfected in the fifteenth century and used by subsequent generations of writers and intellectuals until its proscription by the Soviets in the 1920s.
Introduction 31 In linguistic terms, Turkic and Mongolian are agglutinative languages, structurally related and classified as the principal components of the Altaic group.Some scholars even suspect a distant kinship with Korean and Japanese. (b) Mongolian Linguists speak of three groups of Mongolian languages: eastern, northern, and western.They may be genetically related to Turkic languages; this kinship, however, is so remote that mutual intelligibility is out of the question. Eastern Mongolian is the official language of the Republic of Mongolia, and like the Turkic languages and Tajik, it is written in the Cyrillic alphabet.A combination of political and demographic factors has caused the aforementioned internal split within the area populated by the speakers of eastern Mongolian: for besides the two and a half million inhabitants of the Republic, over four million live to the south of the border, in the Mongol Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China.Here too, political separation has caused a cultural one, the usage of different scripts being the most visible example.In the Region, Mongolian is written not in the Cyrillic alphabet but in the Mongols’ own traditional script, while at the same time all educated citizens are also literate in Chinese, in contrast to the Mongolian Republic, where this is true of Russian. Northern Mongolian is also known as Buriat, and is, together with Russian, the official language of the Buriat Autonomous Republic of the Russian Federation.Western Mongolian is also known as Kalmyk or Kalmuck, and is, again together with Russian, the official language of the Kalmyk Autonomous Republic of the Russian Federation.This republic is situated to the west of the Volga along the river’s lowermost course, with a short stretch of the Caspian coast as its southeastern limit, while its capital, Elista, is farther inland. (c) Tajik Tajik is virtually the same as Persian, the official language of Iran; the differences are so minor that if Tajikistan and Iran were united politically, a question of two languages would not arise.As in the case of the Turkic languages, an additional artificial barrier has been different alphabets – Tajik being written in the Cyrillic, Persian in the Arabic script; removal of this barrier by a return to the Arabic alphabet would not only make their sameness obvious, but would also create a belt of
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Page 7 and 8: Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Page 62 and 63: chapter one The beginnings To most
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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