A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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78 A history of Inner Asia at the expense of the other two as an increasingly Islamic city with a Turki-speaking population. The Uighurs who established their kingdom in Qocho by 850 did not move to an unfamiliar territory.The qaghans already had some control over these western reaches from their erstwhile capital of Qarabalghasun in Mongolia.What is more, they did not come as cultural strangers: we have mentioned their prior conversion to Manichaeism.It does appear, however, that their elite had retained to some degree the nomadic lifestyle once common among most Turks of Inner Asia; and that in this respect the fusion of the newcomers with the indigenous population proceeded only gradually.The Uighur kings resided in Qocho, a depression to the south of the Tianshan mountains, only in winter; summers were spent on the cooler, northern side of the Tianshan.That was the site of a secondary capital, Bishbalik (“Pentapolis”), also known by its Chinese name, Peiting (“Northern residence”).Located some 100 kilometers almost due north of Turfan, Bishbalik eventually disappeared even as a ruin, so that modern scholars were at first tempted to identify it with today’s capital of Sinkiang, Urumchi, until the site was proved to lie some 50 kilometers east of the latter city. The contrast between the lifestyle of the still partly nomadic Turks and that of the settled natives was many-faceted, but perhaps the most striking example is how the two groups faced the summer heat of the Turfan depression.The natives stayed home and took refuge in the underground structures of their houses, whereas the Uighurs moved to the cooler northern slopes of the Tianshan, where yurts rather than houses were their shelters.There were of course other differences: irrigated agriculture as the main occupation of the natives in contrast to livestock rearing as that of the Turks; consumption of agricultural products and duck by the sedentaries versus horse meat and kumys eaten and drunk by the newcomers; and indigenous pastimes based on the home scene as compared with the paramilitary pursuits of the nomads, namely, horseback riding and hunting.This atmosphere was captured in an account written by Wang Yang-ti, an envoy from the Sung emperor of China to the Uighur king of Qocho, who visited the kingdom in 982: In this country it neither rains nor snows, and the heat is extreme.Every year, when summer is at its hottest, the inhabitants move underground....Houses are covered with white clay.... There is a river which flows from a mountain defile called Ching-ling: it has been regulated in such a way that its waters pass around the capital, irrigate its fields and gardens, and move its mills.The
The Uighur kingdom of Qocho 79 country produces the five principal types of cereals....The nobility eat horseflesh, while the rest of the population eat mutton, ducks, and geese.In music, they play a sort of mandoline and a five-chord guitar.The men enjoy horseback riding and archery....Their calendar is the Chinese one published in the seventh year of the kai-huang period (= 587)....Those who like to take long walks never forget to bring along a musical instrument.There are some fifty Buddhist monasteries, and their names are written on their gates: these names were given to them by the Tang emperors.In one of the monasteries there is a large number of Buddhist books, the Chinese dictionaries Tang-yun and Yupien, and the Ching-in.There are in Kaochang (= Qocho) several collections of [Chinese] imperial decrees; in a locked box they keep a decree written personally by the emperor Tai-tsung [627–50].There is a Manichaean temple called Ma-ni-se or the Temple of the Pearl; the priests are from Persia, they strictly observe their own rites and qualify the Buddhist books as wai-tao (“alien doctrine”).There are no destitute people in the kingdom: those who cannot provide for themselves are cared for by public welfare.Many people reach advanced age. 1 In other respects, however, a fairly rapid process of symbiosis and fusion did take place.The Indo-European “Tokharian,” deprived of its official status, faded into oblivion as the population adopted the newcomers’ language.On the other hand, if the Uighurs were victorious on the linguistic level, they mostly succumbed, as we have said, to the natives on the religious and cultural level: they converted to Buddhism, and gave up their rune-like alphabet for the local one, which eventually and rather incongruously became known as the Uighur script.Their kingdom adapted and further developed the Buddhist civilization that they found there, with its hallmarks of tolerance, propensity for sacred figural art and painting, and a literature which was chiefly religious but which also included some belles-lettres and legal documents. Manichaeism and Nestorian Christianity were allowed to exist beside the dominant Buddhist faith, and both – especially the former – have also left valuable examples of texts and art.The heyday of the Uighur kingdom of Qocho coincided with the final stage of the florescence of Buddhism in China, and the Silk Road functioned as one of the two principal avenues between that religion’s holy places in India and the Celestial Empire, with pilgrims and scholars frequently passing through way stations like Qocho.The result was a strong impact of Chinese Buddhist culture, and a lively translation activity of Sanskrit texts into Uighur Turkic through their Chinese versions.We may also add a third 1 S.Julien, “Relation d’un voyage officiel dans le pays des Ouigours (de 981 à 983) par Wang-yente,” Journal Asiatique 4 (1847): 50–66.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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Page 62 and 63: chapter one The beginnings To most
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Page 86 and 87: chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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