A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIAN FEDERATION Irtysh R. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Kobdo L. Zaysan M O N G O L I A railroad Manas I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I K A Z A K H S T A N Black Irtysh R. Aktogay Kulja Hami Urumchi I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I L. Balkhash Ili R. Almaty I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Turfan Bishkek KYRGYZSTAN Beijing Tarim R. C H I N A Kashgar TAJIKISTAN Yarkand Khotan AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN T I B E T (CHINA) KASHMIR (INDIA) Map 7 Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan)
Sinkiang as part of China 265 A prominent participant in Khoqand’s expeditions and politics was one Muhammad Yaqub Beg (1820–77), a native of Fergana.His career began promisingly when in 1851 he was appointed governor of the Syrdarya town of Akmeshit.He soon developed problems with Khudayar Khan, however – for reasons that are not clear but that may have stemmed from his inability to withstand the Russian onslaught on the town in 1853 – and had to flee to Bukhara.He was eventually pardoned and could return to Khoqand, and in 1865 the Khan sent him to Kashgar as aide to Buzruq or Buzurg Khan, a khwaja (Sufi shaykh of the Naqshbandi order.We have mentioned the sad end of the last khwajas to rule Kashgaria, the Aqtaghliq brothers Burhan at Kashgar and Jahan or Jan at Yarkand, in 1759; other descendants of Aqtaghliq and Qarataghliq khwajas had survived in the khanate of Khoqand and fomented – or tried to exploit – the aforementioned uprisings against Manchu rule in Kashgaria) who was launching yet another attempt at restoring theocracy in western Sinkiang.Unlike earlier such attempts, this time the Manchus did not quash it forthwith because of a rebellion that had erupted in 1862 among the Chinese Muslims of Kansu, thus creating a barrier between China proper and Sinkiang.Yaqub Beg proved a stronger personality than the khwaja he had come to serve, for by 1867 he had shoved him aside and established himself as the ruler of an Islamic state. He at first professed to be a vassal of the khans of Khoqand, contenting himself with the title of “Ataliq Ghazi,” but later he claimed full independence and changed his title to “Yaqub Beg Badawlat” (“Yaqub Beg, [Blessed] with [divine] auspiciousness”).The coins struck in the mint of Kashgar between 1867 and 1873 still bore the legend “Struck in the Mint of Khoqand” and the name of Malla Khan (1858–62), but then the legend was changed to “Struck in the Mint of Kashgar, the Capital” and bore the name of the Ottoman sultan Abdülaziz. His realm, often referred to in the sources as Yettishahr (“Heptapolis,” the seven cities being Kashgar, Khotan, Yarkand, Yangihisar, Aksu, Kucha, and Korla), lasted until 1877 and attracted considerable international attention, especially from Great Britain, Russia, and the Ottoman empire.The reason lay in the fact that by then the almost romantic “Great Game,” the gigantic though perhaps overblown contest between Russia and Britain for the control of Inner Asia, was gaining momentum: the British conquered Punjab in 1849; the Russians, taking Tashkent in 1865 and Samarkand in 1868, were established in Transoxania and showed appetite for more; meanwhile, the collapse of Manchu rule in
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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136 A history of Inner Asia almost
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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150 A history of Inner Asia they wo
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152 A history of Inner Asia leader,
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154 A history of Inner Asia imate t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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170 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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186 A history of Inner Asia For 372
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188 A history of Inner Asia the wes
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190 A history of Inner Asia Khoqand
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192 A history of Inner Asia the fai
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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196 A history of Inner Asia prestig
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198 A history of Inner Asia about R
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200 A history of Inner Asia We may
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202 A history of Inner Asia One fin
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204 A history of Inner Asia extent
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206 A history of Inner Asia modern
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208 A history of Inner Asia in whic
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210 A history of Inner Asia newspap
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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Page 292 and 293: Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
Page 294 and 295: UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
Page 296 and 297: Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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