A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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200 A history of Inner Asia We may thus consider the year 1895 as the terminus by which the southern borders of Russian and then Soviet Central Asia – and now of the independent republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan – had taken their definitive form.Russia’s acquisition of a new, non- Russian, non-Slavic, non-Christian, Muslim territory of course had precedents bracketed by Ivan the Terrible’s destruction of the khanates of Kazan in 1552, Astrakhan in 1556, and Catherine the Great’s annexation of the khanate of Crimea in 1783.Those conquests, however, were not quite of the modern colonial type but had elements akin both to Spain’s Reconquista and Russia’s spread into the Siberian expanse; the conquest of Central Asia, on the other hand, bore all the hallmarks of nineteenth-century Europe’s colonial expansion: the motivation of acquiring abundant and cheap sources of raw materials such as cotton for the Russian textile industry, and, inversely, of gaining a privileged position for Russia’s commerce; the ease and rapidity of military operations in which handfuls of disciplined and well-armed troops of a modern European power overcame much larger native forces, and the resulting pacification and organization of the conquered territories along pragmatic lines so as to suit primarily the colonizer but also, up to a point, to benefit the colonized, were the chief elements of this expansion. British India is the colony that is routinely mentioned as the antecedent, model, or counterpart to Russian Central Asia, but French North Africa presents an even closer parallel (although the initially tentative and protracted invasion of the Indian subcontinent does harbor certain analogies with Russia’s initial probing of Kazakhstan).Chronologically, the French conquests bracket the Russian ones – Algeria in 1830, Tunisia in 1883, Morocco in 1912 – in contrast to the eighteenthcentury inception of Britain’s drive.Both the French and Russian conquests were government undertakings from the start, unlike the British arrival in India, which was at first a private enterprise of the East India Company; all three acquisitions were vast expanses of territory, but sizable colonization by settlers – both agricultural and urban – from the colonial powers occurred only in Central Asia and North Africa; finally, geographical realities must have been a powerful psychological as well as logistical factor: the contiguousness of Central Asia with Russia’s own territories, and the relative proximity of North Africa to France, may have played a similar catalytic role in the evolving concept of those countries as indivisible parts of the fatherland, in contrast to India, whose remoteness beyond two oceans, a population vastly surpassing
Russian conquest and rule 201 that of Britain, and a civilization too impressive to subordinate it to that of the conqueror, deterred any such contemplations. The administrative structure devised by St.Petersburg for its new possessions went through several stages and modifications.The stages were the fall of Tashkent in 1865, the defeat and truncation of the emirate of Bukhara in 1868 and of the khanate of Khiva in 1873, the liquidation of the khanate of Khoqand in 1876, and the completion of the overall conquest with the fall of Merv in 1884 and penetration of the Pamirs by 1895. The result was the Governorate-General of Turkestan (Turkestanskoe General-Gubernatorstvo or General-Guberniya Turkestan), administered by a military governor residing in Tashkent and divided into five regions (oblasts) and two protectorates.The regions were Syrdarya (center Tashkent), Semireche (center Vernyi), Fergana (center Skobelev), Samarkand (center Samarkand), and Zakaspie (Transcaspia, center Ashgabad); the protectorates were the emirate of Bukhara and the khanate of Khiva. Meanwhile, the organization of the steppes to the north – thus of the greater part of Kazakhstan – proceeded along lines that were somewhat distinct without, however, denying the many-faceted links with Turkestan.The distinctiveness resided, among other things, in their geographical and historical linkage with Russia proper and with Siberia. The result was that unlike the Governorate-General of Turkestan, which had a specific administrative and geographical unity, the territory inhabited by the Kazakhs consisted of three separate parts: the westernmost part, whose area corresponded to that of the Bükey and Lesser Hordes, was now the oblast of Uralsk, whose administrative center was the city of Uralsk and whose governor reported directly to the Ministry of Interior; its central part, more or less the former Middle Horde, consisted of the oblasts of Turgai and Akmolinsk; the governor of the Turgai oblast did not even reside there, but rather across the border in Orenburg, for he was at the same time governor of the Governorate- General of Orenburg and also reported to the Ministry of Interior; the oblasts of Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk, on the other hand, formed a full-fledged Governorate-General, that of the Steppe, but their governor did not reside there either but across the border in the Siberian city of Omsk, which is thus also included in this governorate on some maps. The Semipalatinsk oblast covered some of the territory of the defunct Greater Horde, but the greater part of the latter now corresponded to the Turkestan oblast of Semireche and the eastern fringe of that of Syrdarya, both within the Governorate-General of Turkestan.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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Page 178 and 179: chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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Page 210 and 211: SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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274 A history of Inner Asia the poi
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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