A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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60 A history of Inner Asia man among us who did not hang up a head known by name.We took as plunder excellent weapons, fine goods, and brisk riding beasts, and Qutaybah let us have all that as personal booty. The victory broke the Sogdians’ capability of facing the Arabs in the open field, and the rest of the campaign consisted of the siege of the city. Qutayba was unstintingly assisted and advised by Bukharan and Khwarazmian auxiliaries, which provoked a taunt from Ghurak that touched the Arab commander’s raw nerve: Ghurak sent [word] to [Qutayba]: “You are fighting me with my brothers and family from [among] the non-Arabs.Send Arabs out to me!” Qutayba became angry, summoned al-Jadali, and said: “Review the [army] and pick out the bravest people!” [al-Jadali did so, and] Qutayba took them forward and fought [the enemy] with them, [using both] cavalry and infantrymen.He bombarded the city with mangonels, and made a breach which [the defenders] blocked with sacks of millet.There emerged a man who stood on top of the rampart [lit. breach] and shouted abuse at Qutaybah.The latter said to the archers who were with him: “Choose two of your number!” and they did so.Qutayba said: “Whichever of the two of you will shoot at this man, if he hits him, he will receive ten thousand [dirhams], but if he misses, his hand will be cut off.” One of the two held back, but the other came forward and shot [the man on the rampart], right in the eye.Qutayba ordered that he be given ten thousand dirhams. Tabari then relates how the Arabs pressed on, expanding the breach, and finally the infidels sued for peace.Qutayba made peace with them the next day, on the condition of delivery of the following assets: (1) a sum of 2,200,000 dirhams; (2) 30,000 slaves free of defect and including neither young boys nor old men; (3) they would clear the city for Qutayba, and would not have in it any fighting men; and (4) a mosque would be built in Samarkand for Qutayba, for him to enter and pray, and a pulpit (minbar) would be set up there, from which he might preach a sermon.The peace treaty was implicitly made with Ghurak, who even kept an undefined role in the resulting arrangement.The transformation of the idolatrous Sogdian city into an Islamic stronghold was, however, emphatic.This is how Tabari narrates it: [Qutayba] was brought the idols, which were despoiled and then placed before him; amassed, they were like an enormous edifice.He ordered that they be burned, and the non-Arabs said to him: “Among them are idols the burner of which will be destroyed!” Qutayba said: “I shall burn them with my own hand!” Ghurak came, knelt before him, and said: “Devotion to you is a duty incumbent upon me.Do not harm these idols!” Qutayba called for fire, took a brand in his
Kök Turks, Chinese expansion, and Arab conquest 61 hand, stepped forward, proclaimed “God is great!,” set fire to them, and they burned fiercely.In the remains of the gold and silver nails that had been in them, they found fifty thousand mithqals. Qutayba finally returned to Merv, and here is what Tabari tells us about the final measures he took before leaving Samarkand: Then Qutayba set off, returning to Merv.He deputed [his brother] Abdallah ibn Muslim over Samarkand, and left with him massive [numbers of] troops and much war matériel, saying to him: “Do not let a [non-resident] polytheist (mushrik) enter any of Samarkand’s gates without having a seal on his hand.If the clay has dried before he goes out, kill him! If you find on him a piece of iron, or a knife, or anything else, kill him! If you close the gate at night and find any one of them inside, kill him!” Qutayba ibn Muslim can thus rightly be considered the founder or consolidator of Arab and Islamic power in three crucial segments of Central Asia: Tokharistan, Sogdia, and Khwarazm.He was in his early fifties at the time of the abovementioned campaigns, thus still in the active phase of his life, and seemed ready to undertake new ones into Turkestan of that time, the territories beyond the Syr Darya toward Shash (Tashkent). All that was thwarted by events which took place in the Arab homeland, first in Iraq and then at the center of the empire in Damascus.Qutayba’s powerful sponsor, the governor of Iraq (in fact, the viceroy of the entire Islamic east) Hajjaj, died in Kufa, and then the caliph Walid died in Damascus.The throne passed to Walid’s brother Sulayman (715–17), who was hostile to Qutayba (because the latter had supported the candidacy of another member of the Umayyad family for the caliphate), and promptly dismissed him from the governorship of Khurasan. Qutayba tried to challenge the new caliph’s authority and carry on independently, but found no support among the Muslim troops and was killed, still in 715, in Fergana. Qutayba’s campaigns coincided with the last and most impressive stage of Kök Turkic power in Inner Asia.The expeditionary forces of the qaghan invaded Sogdia several times between 689 and 712.In one of the versions of the war between the Arabs and the Sogdians, Tabari states that Ghurak also wrote the “Turkish khaqan” requesting help.It seems that the Eastern Turks were chiefly eager to bring under control their junior partners the Western Turks, but the mention on the Kül Tegin inscription that “Together with my uncle, the qaghan, we went on campaigns ...westward as far as the Iron Gate” 5 – a campaign that 5 Kül Tegin stele, E18; Tekin, Grammar, pp.234 (Turkic text) and 266 (English translation).
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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Page 62 and 63: chapter one The beginnings To most
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Page 68 and 69: To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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Page 86 and 87: chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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Page 118 and 119: Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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