A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs, 50, 62–4 Abdalaziz, Toqay-Timurid khan, 177 Abdallah II, Abulkhayrid-Shaybanid khan, 150, 154, 155–8, 177 Abd al-Latif, Abulkhayrid-Shaybanid khan, 157 Abd al-Rashid, Chaghatayid khan, 165 Abilay, Kazakh khan of the Lesser Horde, 196 Abu l-Ghazi Bahadur Khan, Yadigarid- Shaybanid khan, 183–6 Abulkhayr, Shaybanid khan, 144–5, 174 Abulkhayrid Shaybanids see Shaybanids Abu Muslim, organizer of the “Abbasid revolution” in Khurasan, 63–5 Abu Said, Timurid ruler, Samarkand, 136–7, 141 Afaqiya see Aqtaghliq “Afghan Finger,” 13 Agzybirlik, Turkmen political party, 305 Ahrar, Khwaja Ubaydallah, Naqshbandi shaykh, 140–1; Ahrari lodge in Samarkand, 156–8 Aitmatov, Chingiz, Kyrgyz writer, 45, 239–40, 244; Aitmatov, Torekul, his father, 240 Akaev, Askar, president of Kyrgyzstan, 281, 306 Akbar, Mughal emperor, 152, 155 Akmeshit or Aq Meshit, a town on the lower Syr Darya, 27, 190, 198 Akmolinsk, Aqmola, a city in northern Kazakhstan, now the republic’s capital as Astana, 285–6 Aksu, a town in southern Sinkiang on the Silk Road, 165 Aktogay, a railroad junction in Kazakhstan, 22 Ala al-Din Muhammad Khwarazmshah, 100 Alai, a mountain range in Kyrgyzstan, 12 Alash Orda, a Kazakh political movement, 215 Alatoo or Ala Too, a mountain range in northern Kyrgyzstan and south-eastern Kazakhstan, 15 Index Alexander the Great, 13 Alexandria Eschate, a city founded by Alexander, predecessor of Khujand, 14 Ali, the Prophet Muhammad’s cousin, brother-in-law and first imam of Shia Islam, 11 Alim Khan, the last emir of Bukhara, 222 Alimjan, Hamid, Uzbek poet, 247 Almaty or Alma-Ata, former capital of Kazakhstan, 22, 23, 27 Alp Arslan, Seljukid sultan, victor over the Byzantine emperor, 95 Altai, a mountain range in southen Siberia and Mongolia, 2, 18, 22 Altan Khan, Genghisid khan in Mongolia, 167–8 Altishahr, 16–17, 165, 204 Amir al-muminin, 180 Amu Darya, largest river in Central Asia, 4–9, 12, 182; also known as Oxus and Jayhun Amursana, 172–3 Angara, river-outflow from Lake Baikal, 22 anthems, national, 249–51 Aq süyek (“White bone”), Qara süyek (“Black bone”), terms for the upper and lower strata of pre-modern Kazakh society, 196 Aqtaghliq (“White Mountain” or Afaqiya), Qarataghliq (“Black Mountain” or Ishaqiya), two dervish dynasties ruling southern Sinkiang, 160, 173, 329–30 Arab conquest of Central Asia, 56–62; victory over the Chinese, 67–9 Arab Muhammad I, Yadigarid-Shaybanid khan of Khiva, 183 Aral Sea, viii, 3, 8, 6–9, 27, 293 Ashgabat or Ashkhabad, capital of Turkmenistan, viii, 10 Astana, capital of Kazakhstan, 285–6; previously known as Aqmola (Kazakh) or Akmolinsk (Russian)
Auliye-Ata, a town in south-eastern Kazakhstan, now called Jambul, 24 Ayni, Sadriddin, Tajik writer and public figure, 240–6, 345 Ayuka, Torghut Kalmyk khan on the lower Volga, 175 Azat, Kazakh political party, 305 Baatur Khungtaiji, 170, 173 Babur, Zahir al-Din, Timurid ruler of Fergana and founder of the Mughal empire, 116, 147, 151–3 Baburname, autobiography of Babur, 151–3, 355 Badakhshan, 12–13; see also Gorno- Badakhshan Baikal, a lake in southern Siberia, 20 Baikonur, a site in Kazakhstan, base of Russia’s space program, 27, 286 Bakharzi, Sayf al-Din, Kubravi shaykh and founder of the lodge at Fathabad, 117–19 Baku Commissars, or 26 Baku Commissars, Bolsheviks martyred on Turkmen soil, 312 Balasaghun, a site in northern Kyrgyzstan, one of the four Qarakhanid cities, 24 Balkh, a city in northern Afghanistan, successor of ancient Bactra, 12, 155 Balkhan, Greater and Lesser, mountains in western Turkmenistan, 7 Balkhash, a lake in south-eastern Kazakhstan, 22 Barak or Baraq Khan madrasa in Tashkent, one of the two functioning Islamic seminaries under Soviet rule, 230 Barchuq, Uighur ruler of Qocho, 81, 120–2 Barskaun or Barskoon, way-station on the Silk Road in northern Kyrgyzstan, 25 Barthold, W., 343, 345 Bashkiria, Bashkir Autonomous Republic, Bashqurtistan, viii, xi, 28 Batu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, founder of the Golden Horde, 109 Batuids, 322–3; see also Golden Horde Bayqara, Husayn, 162 Bekovich-Cherkasskiy, commander of an expedition sent by Peter the Great to Khiva, 186, 197 Berke, Batu’s brother and successor, 117 Bih-Afarid, leader of a religious sect and uprising against the Arabs, 64 Bihzad, Timurid painter, 135–6 Bilad al-Turk, “Land of the Turks,” early Arab name for Central Asia beyond Transoxania, 14, 25 Index 361 Binkath, early name of the region around Tashkent, 25 Birlik, Uzbek political movement, 304 Bishbalik, northern capital of the Uighur kingdom of Qocho, 17; Peiting in Chinese Bishkek, capital of Kyrgyzstan, 24; called Frunze in the Soviet period Buddhism, 23, 39–40 Bükey’s Horde, 197 Bukhara, 4; capital of the Samanids, 171; “Bukhara-i Sharif,” 178; Emirate of, 180; People’s Republic of, 221 Bukhari, author of the Sahih, 71 Bulghar, a Turkic people and their realm on the middle Volga, 9 Buriat Autonomous Republic or Buriatia, viii, xi, 21 Burkan Kaldun, a sacred mountain in the Hentei range in Mongolia, 19 Byzantium, 46 Caspian Sea, viii, 2 Catherine the Great, empress of Russia, 196, 200 census, 231 Central Asia: concept of, xi–xii; centrality of, as an asset or liability, 288–9 Chaghatay, Genghis Khan’s second son, founder of the line of the Chaghatayids, 112–13 Chaghatay gurungi, 238 Chaghatayids, 117–22, 159–69, 321–2 Changan, eastern terminus of the Silk Road, capital of Tang China 2, 52 Char Bakr, Juybari-Naqshbandi lodge at Sumitan near Bukhara, 178 Chernyaev, M.G., commander of Tsarist troops that stormed Tashkent, 198 Chevron Oil Company, 287 Chinese Turkestan see Sinkiang Ching or Manchu, last dynasty to rule China, 20 Choibalsan, second president of Mongolia, 298 Chokay, Mustafa, 210 Cholpan, Uzbek poet, martyred by the Bolsheviks, 234 Christianity, 23, 49 Chu, river in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan, 24 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 275 collectivization, 236, 300 Communist Party, 228–9, 283
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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136 A history of Inner Asia almost
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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150 A history of Inner Asia they wo
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152 A history of Inner Asia leader,
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154 A history of Inner Asia imate t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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170 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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186 A history of Inner Asia For 372
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188 A history of Inner Asia the wes
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190 A history of Inner Asia Khoqand
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192 A history of Inner Asia the fai
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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196 A history of Inner Asia prestig
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198 A history of Inner Asia about R
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200 A history of Inner Asia We may
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202 A history of Inner Asia One fin
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204 A history of Inner Asia extent
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206 A history of Inner Asia modern
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208 A history of Inner Asia in whic
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210 A history of Inner Asia newspap
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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214 A history of Inner Asia and mil
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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218 A history of Inner Asia began t
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220 A history of Inner Asia Communi
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222 A history of Inner Asia their s
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224 A history of Inner Asia An esse
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226 A history of Inner Asia besides
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228 A history of Inner Asia adoptio
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230 A history of Inner Asia it.It i
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232 A history of Inner Asia of the
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234 A history of Inner Asia had led
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236 A history of Inner Asia they st
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238 A history of Inner Asia grave o
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240 A history of Inner Asia disappr
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242 A history of Inner Asia Alim Kh
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244 A history of Inner Asia the fin
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246 A history of Inner Asia to succ
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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250 A history of Inner Asia chauvin
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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274 A history of Inner Asia the poi
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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306 A history of Inner Asia into ja
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308 A history of Inner Asia as the
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Page 332 and 333: Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
Page 334 and 335: 318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
Page 336 and 337: 320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
Page 338 and 339: 322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
Page 340 and 341: 324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
Page 342 and 343: 326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
Page 344 and 345: 328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
Page 346 and 347: 330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
Page 348 and 349: 332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
Page 350 and 351: 334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
Page 352 and 353: 336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
Page 354 and 355: 338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
Page 356 and 357: 340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
Page 358 and 359: 342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
Page 360 and 361: 344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
Page 362 and 363: 346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
Page 364 and 365: 348 Select bibliography Language Pl
Page 366 and 367: 350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
Page 368 and 369: 352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
Page 370 and 371: 354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
Page 372 and 373: 356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
Page 374 and 375: 358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
Page 378 and 379: 362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
Page 380 and 381: 364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
Page 382 and 383: 366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
Page 384 and 385: 368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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