A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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114 A history of Inner Asia unprecedented formation with China at the eastern end and southern Russia and Iraq at the western, reinforced Central Asia’s role as the crossroads of trade and civilizations.True, this structure had begun to break down by the time Qubilay and his kinsmen came to power in the second half of the thirteenth century; moreover, their internecine struggles for both supreme and local power were compounded by the first appearance of religious “defections” – the Islamization of the Ilkhanids under Ghazan Khan (1295–1304), and of the Batuids (the Golden Horde) under Uzbek Khan (1312–41). What then was the effect that the Mongols had on Central Asia? The picture presents a kaleidoscope of contradictions.Let us consider the cities and urban civilization.Taken as a whole, the effect was initially disastrous; most cities suffered plunder and decimation of their populations.But there were two kinds of final outcome: those that sooner or later recovered, as Samarkand, Bukhara and Urgench for example; and those that never really did, as Merv for example.Moreover, this statement applies mainly to Transoxania proper and Khurasan; the outcome was different in Semireche, where not only cities but settled life disappeared altogether.The explanation lies in a variety of factors.One is the magnitude of the original blow.Merv appears to have been fully and deliberately obliterated, for the complete massacre of its population – with the exception of some 400 craftsmen deported to Mongolia – deprived it of the labor force necessary to maintain the irrigation of its oasis and protect it from the surrounding desert.The disappearance of this Khurasanian metropolis is lamented in almost Biblical terms by a contemporary witness, the renowned Arab geographer Yaqut: I stayed there three years, and if it had not been for the destruction that befell the country with the Tatar invasion, I would not have left Merv to the end of my days: this because of the supportiveness [of the people], gentle climate, good company, and multitude of excellent scholarly books there.When I left it, there were ten endowed libraries [in Merv] whose like I have not seen anywhere else in the world in terms of size and excellence.There were for example two collections in the main mosque; one of these was called Aziziya, because it had been endowed by a certain Aziz al-Din Abu Bakr Atiq al-Zanjani; he used to be Sultan Sanjar’s faqqa’i, [and before that] he had been selling fruit and aromatic plants at the market of Merv, then he became the sultan’s maker of drinks.He enjoyed his esteem; the library [he had endowed] contained about twelve thousand volumes.The other collection [in the mosque] was called Kamaliya, [but] I do not know [which Kamal] it was attributed to.Then there was the library of Sharaf al-Mulk al-Mustawfi ibn Sad Muhammad ibn
The conquering Mongols 115 Mansur, located in his madrasa; he was of the Hanafite madhhab, and died in the year 494 [1101].Then there was the library of Nizam al-Mulk al-Hasan ibn Ishaq, [again] in his madrasa; two libraries [endowed] by the Samani family; another library was in the Amidiya madrasa; [then there was] the library of Majd al-Mulk, one of the recent viziers; the queen’s library (khatuniya) located in her madrasa, and the Damiriya library in one of the dervish lodges (khangah) there.The use of these collections was so convenient that at any given moment I had at home two hundred volumes or [even] more, without having to leave a deposit, [even though] their value amounted to as many dinars.I gorged myself with these collections and benefited from them, and they made me forget [my own] people and family.The qualities of this book and of whatever else I have compiled derive from the collections I have described.As I was leaving Merv, I kept turning my loving glance back toward it, and began to hum a Bedouin’s composition: “The nights when we were together in Marw al-Shahijan”. Indeed, it seems that the depopulation of Merv may have originally been part of a plan that the Mongols had of converting the Murghab and other valleys of northern Khurasan – modern Turkmenistan – into one of their nomadic “habitats.” They were dissuaded from doing so by advisers suggesting that taxing settled populations brings more profit than replacing them with herds of livestock; a similar case occurred in northern China where the Mongols’ aforementioned Khitan adviser Yelü Ch’u-ts’ai saved the situation.If Transoxania escaped this fate, Semireche was less lucky: there, the conversion of a territory with a thriving urban and agricultural civilization into a nomads’ steppeland did take place, although this time not as the result of a deliberate plan but through the sheer suitability – in contrast to the half-desert, halfoasis tracts of Transoxania and Khurasan – of this area for the nomads’ lifestyle.It was Semireche and territories farther east where for a long time the Mongols of Ulus Chaghatay chose to live, with the aforementioned result.This transformation is vividly described by several contemporary and native observers.Here is what the Syrian geographer Shihab al-Din al-Umari (d.1349) writes: A person who has travelled in the provinces of Turkestan and passed through its villages told me that only scattered traces and collapsed ruins have remained; the traveller sees from afar what appears like a village with solid buildings and green surroundings, and he looks forward to finding friendly inhabitants, but upon reaching it, he finds the buildings still standing but devoid of humans except for some nomads and herders, without any agriculture, for what is green there consists of grass as the Creator has let it grow, with steppe vegetation which nobody has sown or planted.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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Page 86 and 87: chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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Page 118 and 119: Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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Page 178 and 179: chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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166 A history of Inner Asia religio
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168 A history of Inner Asia however
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170 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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172 A history of Inner Asia place.I
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174 A history of Inner Asia Jahangi
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Horde of Bükey (nomadic Kazakhs) M
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178 A history of Inner Asia Bukhara
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180 A history of Inner Asia Shah’
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182 A history of Inner Asia by then
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184 A history of Inner Asia of Iran
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186 A history of Inner Asia For 372
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188 A history of Inner Asia the wes
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190 A history of Inner Asia Khoqand
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192 A history of Inner Asia the fai
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SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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196 A history of Inner Asia prestig
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198 A history of Inner Asia about R
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200 A history of Inner Asia We may
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202 A history of Inner Asia One fin
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204 A history of Inner Asia extent
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206 A history of Inner Asia modern
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208 A history of Inner Asia in whic
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212 A history of Inner Asia Central
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214 A history of Inner Asia and mil
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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218 A history of Inner Asia began t
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220 A history of Inner Asia Communi
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224 A history of Inner Asia An esse
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226 A history of Inner Asia besides
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228 A history of Inner Asia adoptio
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230 A history of Inner Asia it.It i
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232 A history of Inner Asia of the
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234 A history of Inner Asia had led
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238 A history of Inner Asia grave o
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240 A history of Inner Asia disappr
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242 A history of Inner Asia Alim Kh
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244 A history of Inner Asia the fin
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246 A history of Inner Asia to succ
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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250 A history of Inner Asia chauvin
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252 A history of Inner Asia Thy han
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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274 A history of Inner Asia the poi
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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306 A history of Inner Asia into ja
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308 A history of Inner Asia as the
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310 A history of Inner Asia near th
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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