A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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156 A history of Inner Asia between the Shaybanids and the Chaghatayids; the latter continued to rule Moghulistan and the Tarim basin throughout the sixteenth century and were to do so, although with diminishing authority, even into the seventeenth. The Shaybanid century also witnessed a steady growth of Naqshbandi sufism in Central Asia, with intimate relations between this order and the khanly families matching or even surpassing those under the Timurids.The beginnings seemed inauspicious, however.Shaykh Muhammad Yahya, the son and khalifa of Khwaja Ubaydallah Ahrar, may have sided with the opponents of Muhammad Shaybani at the time of the Uzbek conquest, and the khan, although outwardly deferential to the shaykh, did not forgive him.Feeling threatened, the dervish resolved to perform the hajj and set out for Mecca, but did not get far: a party of soldiers sent by hostile Uzbek emirs overtook him in Khurasan and killed him, together with his companions including three of his sons.The khan, although not openly involved in the murder, was suspected of at least condoning it. The Ahrari lodge soon recovered from this tragedy.Shaykh Ubaydallah Ahrar’s prestige among the Uzbeks had even preceded their conquest of Transoxania, a fact exemplified by the name of Muhammad Shaybani Khan’s nephew and eventual successor Ubaydallah Khan, apparently named after the shaykh.The Khwaja’s tomb generated the growth of the Ahrari shrine, which in turn functioned as the headquarters of the Naqshbandi tariqa.The Ahraris became a virtual dynasty of Sufi saints, religious authorities, owners of agricultural and manufacturing properties not just around the eponymous shaykh’s shrine but in many other parts of Central Asia.They drew their wealth from their role as trustees (mutavallis) of the continually growing waqf endowments serving the shrine and its components, from personal property (milk) which they were able to accumulate thanks to the largesse of royal as well as other devout well-wishers, and through the economic activities of investment, manufacture, and trade they and their agents engaged in. Uzbek archives contain a number of waqfnames certifying numerous endowments, as well as other documents revealing the Ahraris’ economic strength and the respect shown them by the khans. One such document was issued in 1543 by Abd al-Latif Khan (1540–52; Ubaydallah Khan’s successor), certifying the ownership and tax-exempt status of several properties of Shaykh Muhammad Yahya. This individual was a grandson of Khwaja Ubaydallah Ahrar and son and namesake of the founder’s murdered successor.The document can
The Shaybanids 157 also serve as an indicator of the Turkic dimension of this otherwise so Arabo-Persian cultural atmosphere, for unlike the Qarakhanid waqfname from the eleventh century written in Arabic, and that from the fourteenth century written in Persian, this order (nishan or yarliq) is in Turki (although peppered with Arabo-Persian technical terms).Here are a few excerpts: 5 We recognize that it befits our lofty discernment to treat with affection, munificence, respect, consideration, and veneration the great descendants and noble progeny of His Holiness Khwaja Ubaydallah…[A report] has reached our august presence that since several years a certain person (bir kishi) has taken and, contrary to the pure sharia, has held as usufruct (mutasarrif bulghan irmish) the properties and buildings (amlak va havilar) listed on the back of this document, – [properties belonging to] Khwaja Muhammad Yahya, may his elevated status last, who is a grandson of the above-mentioned Holiness ...Since our generous thought is favorable in the highest degree to the above-mentioned well-born person, having examined and understood [the situation] ...we seize and give [this grantee] as soyurghal (musallam tutub soyurghab birdik) the properties and objects, orchards, store, and houses with yards ...so that the representatives of this high person annually receive the tithe (dahyak) and double tithe (dahdu) of the revenue, and expend it on their sustenance ...[Moreover, tax collectors] must not levy taxes (mal) [of any kind on these properties] – such as the double tithe (mal-i dah-du), the extraordinary expenditure tax (kharj-i kharajat-i avariz), bikar (unemployment tax?), [impose] corvée (hashar), homestead tax (dudi), tithe (dahyazdah), gift (savari), wedding tax (madad-i toyana), victory tax (fathana), or any [other] tax imposed on this province ...[The properties in question] should be known as free and exempt ...And if there is a general levy (Agar harz-i kull bulsa), the perceptor and scribe (harraz va bitikchi) must not enter [these properties] in order to [include them in the] collection ...[These officials] must not act contrary to [our] order (yarlighin khilaf itmesinlär), and must not request [every] year a new order and regulation (nishan va parvancha) ...[This] order (nishan) was issued (lit.written, bitildi) on the third [day] of the month of Shawwal, the year of the hare (tavushqan yil), the date being 950 [of the Hijra; 30 December 1543]. Another illustration of the status, vitality and adaptability of Ahrari shaykhs is the fact that they retained the benefits of royal favors throughout the vicissitudes of Central Asian politics, when power passed from one branch of the Shaybanids to another, and, at the turn of the century, from the Shaybanids to the Toqay-Timurids.Their authority even invaded the hitherto unchallenged preserve of the secular clergy, for in 5 Published, together with a Russian translation and commentary, by Olga D.Chekhovich, Samarkandskie dokumenty XV-XVI vv.: O vladeniyakh Khodzhi Akhrara v Sredney Azii i Afghanistane (Moscow, 1974), doc.16 on pp.311–15.
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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216 A history of Inner Asia Republi
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226 A history of Inner Asia besides
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248 A history of Inner Asia atheism
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chapter eighteen Central Asia becom
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256 A history of Inner Asia power a
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258 A history of Inner Asia as it d
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260 A history of Inner Asia of 1917
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262 A history of Inner Asia overwhe
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Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) RUSSIA
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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