A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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216 A history of Inner Asia Republic.” This became a reality in October of that year, when the Founding Convention of the Kazak Soviets gathered in Orenburg, and the Kyrgyz (i.e. Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was born.In some respects, the process and the results in Kazakhstan were analogous to those in Turkestan, where the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic came into being at about the same time; in one special sense, however, the formation of the Kazakh ASSR was ahead of the rest of Central Asia, for unlike that of the Turkestan ASSR, it was based on the ethnolinguistic factor of a native nationality, the Kazakhs. This factor became the principle that in 1924 would lead to the formation of the other four republics of Central Asia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. turkestan autonomous soviet socialist republic (tassr) As we have seen, after the failure of the Khoqand experiment in February 1918, the Soviets of Tashkent were the only organized authority on the territory of Turkestan except for the still existing emirate of Bukhara and khanate of Khiva.Russian rule was on the whole secure, but distance from central Russia and temporary separation from it by the civil war did create certain special circumstances.One was that for a little longer, not only the Bolsheviks but also other Russian political factions had some share in power.Thus at the Fifth Congress of the Soviets of Turkestan, held in Tashkent in April 1918, from among the 263 delegates only 86 were Bolsheviks; the next strongest faction, the SRs (Socialist Revolutionaries), had 70 members, and there were minor groups; the 87 non-affiliated delegates (bezpartiynye) even outnumbered the Bolsheviks.It was only a matter of time before the latter would eliminate all the other parties and would assign the non-affiliates their permanently subordinate role, but the situation, even though temporary, had some significance for the Muslims. With all their ruthless suppression of any Muslim attempts at genuine autonomy, the Bolsheviks did try, albeit inconsistently, to put an end to the mistreatment of the natives by the Russians, and they also began to recruit those Muslims whose class credentials made them worthier candidates for a share in power.Thus when a new Sovnarkom was appointed by the Congress, four out of the sixteen members of this regional government presided over by F.A.Kobozev were Muslims, as were ten out of the thirty-six members of the Central Executive
From Governorates-General to Union Republics 217 Committee (Tsentralnyi Ispolnitelnyi Komitet, usually abbreviated as TsIK or Ispolkom) elected by the Congress.The effort by Tashkent Bolsheviks to attract natives to their political process was a result of pressure from Moscow; left to themselves, they tended to display the same attitude as that of the other Russians of Turkestan: to maintain a fundamental separation between the rulers and the ruled, and to favor the strengthening of the Russian and European element at all levels.This attitude sometimes assumed even ideological, Marxist forms.Thus Tobolin, a prominent Bolshevik member of the Tashkent Sovnarkom, said in 1918: “From the Marxists’ point of view, the Kyrgyz are weak. They have to die out anyway, so it is more important that the Revolution spend its resources on fighting its enemies on the front than on fighting the famine.” The famine that plagued Turkestan and Kazakhstan in those years, especially during the harsh winter of 1918 and 1919, hit the natives much harder than the Europeans, and the vast numbers of Muslim casualties were not altogether unwelcome: they could be replaced by Russian settlers.Estimates of how many natives died vary between one and three million people.G.Safarov, a Communist functionary in Semireche, stated at the Tenth Congress of the Russian Communist Party in 1921 that “since the establishment of Soviet power, Russian land ownership has increased in the Semireche province from 35% to 70%, while the number of the Kyrgyz who have perished is estimated at 35.5%.” Satisfaction with these developments seems to have been shared by some Bolshevik leaders in Moscow as well.G.L.Pyatakov wrote in 1921 that some two million (native) people had perished in Turkestan, and that plans had been made to carry out a transfer of one-and-a-half million Russians to the vacated lands and houses. Nevertheless, the more ideologically attuned Bolshevik leadership in Moscow became concerned that this mistreatment of Turkestanian Muslims might compromise the plans for Central Asia as a stepping stone toward a revolution in the entire colonial world.Between 1918 and 1920 a contest thus developed between the Communist leaders at the center and the local ones in Tashkent.The Tashkent Soviets were aware that in the long run they would need Moscow’s support to keep Turkestan Russian, but at the same time they demanded a great deal of autonomy for their way of running the province.Moscow eventually prevailed and forced the local group to treat the natives better and start a recruitment drive among them.At the same time, another contest
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA svat soucek
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Contents List of maps pagevii Prefa
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Maps 1 Inner Asia: principal politi
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Preface This book is an attempt to
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Preface xi Population: (approximate
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Preface xiii in the early Middle Ag
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2 A history of Inner Asia Mongolia,
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4 A history of Inner Asia An Histor
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6 A history of Inner Asia cognate o
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8 A history of Inner Asia trophic d
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10 A history of Inner Asia Emirate
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12 A history of Inner Asia If we le
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14 A history of Inner Asia hencefor
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16 A history of Inner Asia streams,
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18 A history of Inner Asia lasting
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20 A history of Inner Asia extermin
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22 A history of Inner Asia Kazakhst
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24 A history of Inner Asia in contr
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26 A history of Inner Asia to be ca
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28 A history of Inner Asia the Dash
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30 A history of Inner Asia is that
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32 A history of Inner Asia three Mi
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34 A history of Inner Asia Moscow b
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36 A history of Inner Asia Ayatulla
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38 A history of Inner Asia (d.1166)
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40 A history of Inner Asia of the d
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42 A history of Inner Asia managed
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44 A history of Inner Asia among th
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chapter one The beginnings To most
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48 A history of Inner Asia ways: a
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50 A history of Inner Asia armies o
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To the Arctic Ocean Kök Turkic Emp
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54 A history of Inner Asia of these
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56 A history of Inner Asia that eve
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58 A history of Inner Asia Khurasan
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60 A history of Inner Asia man amon
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62 A history of Inner Asia would ha
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64 A history of Inner Asia appointi
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66 A history of Inner Asia movement
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68 A history of Inner Asia for almo
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chapter three The Samanids The Arab
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72 A history of Inner Asia Turkic g
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74 A history of Inner Asia the Saha
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76 A history of Inner Asia Ilig (al
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78 A history of Inner Asia at the e
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80 A history of Inner Asia factor h
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82 A history of Inner Asia for that
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84 A history of Inner Asia confeder
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86 A history of Inner Asia tioned F
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88 A history of Inner Asia between
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90 A history of Inner Asia that the
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92 A history of Inner Asia Signific
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94 A history of Inner Asia they see
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96 A history of Inner Asia campaign
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98 A history of Inner Asia for an e
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100 A history of Inner Asia assets,
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Moscow Russian Principalities GOLDE
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104 A history of Inner Asia absent,
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106 A history of Inner Asia elimina
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108 A history of Inner Asia end to
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110 A history of Inner Asia members
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112 A history of Inner Asia in the
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114 A history of Inner Asia unprece
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116 A history of Inner Asia Some tw
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118 A history of Inner Asia madrasa
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120 A history of Inner Asia a still
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122 A history of Inner Asia Chaghat
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Moscow 1395 Tamerlane's campaigns,
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126 A history of Inner Asia of Tran
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128 A history of Inner Asia Ulugh B
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130 A history of Inner Asia an unde
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132 A history of Inner Asia the wor
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134 A history of Inner Asia known b
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136 A history of Inner Asia almost
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138 A history of Inner Asia Sammasi
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140 A history of Inner Asia The abo
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142 A history of Inner Asia formal
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chapter ten The last Timurids and t
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146 A history of Inner Asia usually
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148 A history of Inner Asia of anot
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150 A history of Inner Asia they wo
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152 A history of Inner Asia leader,
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154 A history of Inner Asia imate t
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156 A history of Inner Asia between
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158 A history of Inner Asia 1580 Kh
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160 A history of Inner Asia 1380s.O
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chapter twelve The rise of Russia,
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164 A history of Inner Asia the lat
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Page 210 and 211: SIBERIAN RUSSIA R U S S I A Omsk Or
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266 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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268 A history of Inner Asia some ba
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270 A history of Inner Asia gees, s
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272 A history of Inner Asia In 1941
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274 A history of Inner Asia the poi
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Omsk Troitsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUS
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UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Syr Darya Riv
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Uzbekistan Syr Darya Aral Sea (Kaza
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282 A history of Inner Asia for ass
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284 A history of Inner Asia growing
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286 A history of Inner Asia that th
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288 A history of Inner Asia port, o
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290 A history of Inner Asia border
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292 A history of Inner Asia Coopera
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294 A history of Inner Asia slow an
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Amur Railroad Moscow-Beijing via Ul
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298 A history of Inner Asia the Chi
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300 A history of Inner Asia 1940 in
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302 A history of Inner Asia multipa
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304 A history of Inner Asia A signi
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306 A history of Inner Asia into ja
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308 A history of Inner Asia as the
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310 A history of Inner Asia near th
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312 A history of Inner Asia The pro
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314 A history of Inner Asia Sinkian
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Appendix 1 dynastic tables This sec
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318 Appendix 1 13.Hasan (1130-32),
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320 Appendix 1 (d) Anushtiginids, o
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322 Appendix 1 21.Qazan (1343-46),
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324 Appendix 1 Timurid (non-Genghis
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326 Appendix 1 x.Yar Muhammad 1.Jan
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328 Appendix 1 25.Abu l-Ghazi III (
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330 Appendix 1 7a.Qilich Burhan al-
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332 Appendix 2 Kazakh Muslims were
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334 Appendix 2 Currency: The som; i
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336 Appendix 2 Religion: Historical
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338 Appendix 2 Sinkiang (Sinkiang U
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340 Appendix 2 Dundgov (Mandalgov);
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342 Select bibliography Barthold, W
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344 Select bibliography Aitmatov, C
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346 Select bibliography Bennigsen,
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348 Select bibliography Language Pl
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350 Select bibliography Istoriya Ka
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352 Select bibliography Mackenzie,
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354 Select bibliography Semenov, A.
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356 Select bibliography Bayhaqi, Ab
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358 Select bibliography Arends (Mos
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Abbasids, second dynasty of caliphs
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362 Index constitution, Soviet, 283
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364 Index Kaufman, Konstantin Petro
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366 Index Pamir Boundary Commission
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368 Index Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashk
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A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

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