A HISTORY OF INNER ASIA

368 Index
Togan, Zeki Velidi, Bashkir scholar and
champion of Turkestanian Muslims, 219
Tokharians, people and their language, 11, 48,
79
Tokharistan, early Islamic name for ancient
Bactria, 11–12
Tolstoy, Alexey, Russian writer, 240
Tonuquq, Kök Turkic minister remembered
for his funerary stele, 54
Toqay-Timurids see Janids
Torghut, Kalmyks who founded a short-lived
khanate on the lower Volga, 173–5
trade, 9, 15–16, 80, 181, 203
Transoxania, 4–5, 46, 47
Tsevang Rabdan, 171
Tughluq Timur, Chaghatayid khan who made
conversion to Islam definitive, 121
Tula, a river in Mongolia, 19
Tunhuang, town on the Silk Road and a
famous archaeological site, 52
Tura, 21
Turajonzoda, Ali Akbar, a Tajik cleric and
public figure, 307–8
Turan, as a symbolic concept, 6
Turfan, 16–17, 52, 165; see also Qocho
Turkestan, Turkistan: changing or multiple
concept of, x, 14, 26; Governorate-
General Turkestan, 201; Turkestan
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,
218
Turkic languages and peoples, concept of, xi,
29–31, 33–4
Turkmen people, tribes, 182
Turkmenbashy, new name of Saparmurat
Niyazov, president of Turkmenistan,
281–2
Turkmenistan, viii–xi, 335–6
Turksib, railroad linking the Central Asian
network with the Transsiberian, 22
Turksovnarkom, 212
Tuva Autonomous Republic, viii, xi, 21
Ubaydallah, Shaybanid khan of Bukhara,
154–5
Ufa, capital of Bashkiria, xiii, xi
Uighur people and language, 24; qaghanate in
Mongolia, 21, 66–7, 77; kingdom of
Qocho, 77–81; as a new concept, 270
Uighur Sinkiang Autonomous Region see
Sinkiang
Uighuristan, 24, 165
Ulaanbaatar or Ulan-Bator, capital of
Mongolia, viii, xi, 19
Ulan-Ude, capital of Buriatia, viii, xi, 21
Ulema Jemiyeti, 210, 214
Umar Khan, khan of Khoqand, 191–2
Umar Shaykh, Timurid ruler of Fergana,
father of Babur, 147
Umari, Arab geographer, 115
Umayyads, the first dynasty of caliphs, 47, 62
Ungern-Sternberg, baron, acts as a Mongol
leader and patriot, 298
“Union republics,” 226–7
Ural, river and mountains, 2
urban growth, 231
Urga, 19, previous name of Ulaanbaatar
Urgench, the principal pre-Islamic and early
Islamic city of Khwarazm, 6–7
Urumchi, capital of Sinkiang, 17, 263
Uzbek or Özbeg, Khan of the Golden Horde,
114
Uzbek Soviet Encyclopaedia, 228
Uzbekistan, viii–xi, 14, 225–8, 336–7; 1937
constitution, 228
Uzbeks, people and language, 33, 145
Uzboy, an extinct branch of the Amu Darya, 7
Uzgend, a town in western Kyrgyzstan, one of
the four centers of the Qarakhanids, 85
Vakhan, a river and valley in the “Afghan
Finger,” joins the Panj, 13
Vakhsh, a river in Tajikistan, with the Panj
forms the Amu Darya, 12
Vernyi, name of Almaty in Tsarist times, 23
virgin-land campaign, 236
Volga, river, 28
wali, Muslim saint, 38
waqf, Muslim pious endowment, 231
waste, toxic, dumping of, 236
water, as a resource, abuse of, 293
Western Turkestan, x
White Horde, 323
wildlife, wiped out by environmental blight, 8
work force, 294–5
Yadigarids (Yadigarid Shaybanids) or
Arabshahids, , 181, 327–8
Yakutia, viii, xi; Yakutsk, capital of Yakutia,
viii, xi
Yalavach, Mahmud, and Yalavachids, a family
of civil servants in the Mongol empire,
113–14, 328–9
Yangikant, 27
Yaqub Beg, head of a short-lived Muslim state
in Sinkiang, 265–7
Yaqut, Arab geographer, laments the
destruction of Merv, 114–15
Yarkand, a city in southern Sinkiang, capital of
Yaqub Beg’s state, 16, 165, 263