Financial systems and development

from the Food and Agriculture Organization mary energy-petroleum and natural gas liquids,
(FAO).
natural gas, solid fuels (coal, lignite, and so on),
Cereal imports are measured in grain equivalents and primary electricity (nuclear, geothermal, and
and defined as comprising all cereals in the Stan- hydroelectric power)-all converted into oil equivdard
International Trade Classification (SITC), revi- alents. Figures on liquid fuel consumption include
sion 2, groups 041-046. Food aid in cereals covers petroleum derivatives that have been consumed in
wheat and flour, bulgur, rice, coarse grains, and nonenergy uses. For converting primary electricity
the cereal component of blended foods. The fig- into oil equivalents, a notional thermal efficiency of
ures are not directly comparable since cereal im- 34 percent has been assumed. The use of firewood,
ports are based on calendar-year data, whereas dried animal excrement, and other traditional fufood
aid in cereals is based on data for crop years els, although substantial in some developing counreported
by donor countries and international or- tries, is not taken into account because reliable and
ganizations, including the International Wheat comprehensive data are not available.
Council and the World Food Programme. Further- Energy imports refer to the dollar value of energy
more, food aid information by donors may not cor- imports-section 3 in the SITC, revision 1-and are
respond to actual receipts by beneficiaries during a expressed as a percentage of earnings from mergiven
period because of delays in transportation chandise exports.
and recording, or because it is sometimes not re- Because data on energy imports do not permit a
ported to the FAO or other relevant international distinction between petroleum imports for fuel
organizations. The earliest available food aid data and for use in the petrochemicals industry, these
are for 1974. The time reference for food aid is the percentages may overestimate the dependence on
crop year, July-June.
imported energy.
Fertilizer consumption measures the plant nutri- The summary measures of energy production and
ents used in relation to arable land. Fertilizer prod- consumption are computed by aggregating the reucts
cover nitrogenous phosphate, which includes spective volumes for each of the years covered by
ground rock phosphate and potash fertilizers. Ara- the periods and then applying the least-squares
ble land is defined as land under temporary crops growth rate procedure. For energy consumption per
(double-cropped areas are counted once), tempo- capita, population weights are used to compute
rary meadows for mowing or pastures, land under summary measures for the specified years.
market or kitchen gardens, land temporarily fallow The summary measures of energy imports as a peror
lying idle, as well as land under permanent centage of merchandise exports are computed from
crops. The time reference for fertilizer consump- group aggregates for energy imports and merchantion
is the crop year, July-June.
dise exports in current dollars.
The index of food production per capita shows the
average annual quantity of food produced per cap- Table 6. Structure of manufacturing
ita in 1985-87 in relation to that produced in 1979-
81. The estimates are derived by dividing the The basic data for value added in manufacturing are
quantity of food production by the total popula- from the World Bank's national accounts series at
tion. For this index food is defined as comprising current prices in national currencies. The figures
nuts, pulses, fruits, cereals, vegetables, sugar shown are dollar values converted from national
cane, sugar beet, starchy roots, edible oils, live- currencies by using single-year official exchange
stock, and livestock products. Quantities of food rates. For a few countries where the official exproduction
are measured net of animal feed, seeds change rate does not reflect the rate effectively apfor
use in agriculture, and food lost in processing plied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an
and distribution.
alternative conversion factor is used.
The summary measures for fertilizer consumption The data for distribution of value added among
are weighted by total arable land area; the summary manufacturing industries are provided by the
measures for food production per capita are United Nations Industrial Development Organizaweighted
by population.
tion (UNIDO), and distribution calculations are
from national currencies in current prices.
Table 5. Commercial energy
The classification of manufacturing industries is
in accord with the U.N. International Standard In-
The data on energy are primarily from U.N. dustrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC).
sources. They refer to commercial forms of pri- Food and agriculture comprise ISIC division 31; tex-
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