Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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104 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader cotton, which normally grows in warm environments, stomatal conductance can be so high that leaf temperature is substantially below air temperature. In fact, it has been specifically shown for cotton that the greater the transpirational cooling, the greater the yield (Radin et al., 1994; Lu et al., 1997) proving that heat-stress-induced reductions of photosynthesis limit overall yield. Other studies have also linked reduced crop yields to moderate heat stress of leaves that reduces photosynthesis (Al-Khatib and Paulsen, 1990; Guilioni et al., 2003). Some important effects of energy balance can be seen in the oak leaf temperatures shown in Figure 1. During the day, leaves at the top of the tree (black dots) can be over 10°C above air temperature because of the radiant heat load, while leaves at the bottom of the tree (light gray dots) are slightly below air temperature because of latent heat loss. At night, leaves at the top of the tree lose radiant heat to the sky and so are cooler than leaves at the bottom of the tree because leaves at the bottom of the tree exchange radiant heat with other leaves and with the ground, both of which are warmer than the sky. 12 Leaf Temp - Air Temp, o C 10 8 6 4 2 0 - 2 - 4 10:00 20:00 6:00 16:00 2:00 12:00 Time, Eastern Daylight Time starting July 10 Figure 1. Difference between leaf and air temperature for two days for three oak (Quercus rubra) leaves at the top (black dots) middle (dark gray) or bottom (light gray) of the canopy Leaves exposed to full sunlight will carry out most photosynthesis but also be subject to the rapid, high temperature spikes shown in Figure 1. We have started calling this heat flecks, analogous to (and sometimes simultaneous with) sunflecks (Pearcy et al., 1996). Because leaves are often the hottest parts of plants, high temperature stress is especially relevant to photosynthesis. Moreover, plant growth often increases with temperature to well above 30°C while photosynthesis of individual leaves typically has a temperature optimum of 30°C or less. At low temperature growth may be more directly
High Temperature Stress 105 affected by temperature than photosynthesis. This situation can be summarized simplistically to growth may limit photosynthesis at low temperature but photosynthesis will limit growth at high temperature. Therefore, high temperature stress effects on photosynthesis are especially important. 2. EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS Biological systems can operate over a very wide range of temperature. Deep sea vent organisms live at >110°C (Blöchl et al., 1997) while other organisms survive < -40°C and many organisms are biologically active at
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
Page 64 and 65: Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
Page 66 and 67: Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
Page 68 and 69: Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
Page 70 and 71: Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
Page 72 and 73: Salt Stress 61 A significant number
Page 74 and 75: Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
Page 76 and 77: Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
Page 78 and 79: Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
Page 80 and 81: Salt Stress 69 together with the At
Page 82 and 83: Salt Stress 71 important role in si
Page 84 and 85: Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
Page 86 and 87: Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
Page 88 and 89: Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
Page 90 and 91: Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
Page 92 and 93: Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
Page 94 and 95: Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
Page 96 and 97: Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
Page 98 and 99: Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
Page 100 and 101: Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
Page 102 and 103: Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
Page 104 and 105: Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
Page 106 and 107: Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
Page 108 and 109: Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
Page 110 and 111: Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
Page 112 and 113: 102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
Page 140 and 141: 131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
Page 142 and 143: Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
Page 144 and 145: Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
Page 146 and 147: Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
Page 148 and 149: Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
Page 150 and 151: Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
Page 152 and 153: Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
Page 154 and 155: Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
Page 156 and 157: Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
Page 158 and 159: Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
Page 160 and 161: Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
Page 162 and 163: Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
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200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
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202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
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204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
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206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
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208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
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210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
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212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
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214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
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216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
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219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
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Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
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Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
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Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
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Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
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Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
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Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
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Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
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Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
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Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
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Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
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Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
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Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
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Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
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255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
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Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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