Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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186 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra Zhang, N. and Portis, A. R. (1999). Mechanism of light regulation of Rubisco: a specific role for the larger Rubisco activase isoform involving reductive activation by thioredoxin-f. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9438-9443. Zhang, S., Weng, J., Pan, J., Tu, T., Yao, S. and Xu, C. H. (2003). Study on the photogeneration of superoxide radicals in photosystem II with EPR spin trapping techniques. Photosynth. Res. 75, 41-48. Zhu, D. and Scandalios, J. G. (1993). Maize mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutases are encoded by a differentially expressed multigene family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 9310- 9314.
187 CHAPTER 7 NUTRIENT STRESS K. JANARDHAN REDDY Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India (e-mail: kjreddy50@yahoo.co.in) Key words: Calmodulin, deficiency symptoms, essential elements, glutathione, growth, phytotoxicity 1. INTRODUCTION Mineral nutrients are essential for normal growth and development of plants. The phenomenal growth of knowledge made in the areas of the mechanism of the ion uptake, the critical role of minerals in the basic processes at cellular level and molecular approaches to the study of mineral nutrition have raised the status of mineral nutrition of plants as an independent discipline of the plant biology (Epstein, 1972; Mengel and Kirkby, 1978; Clarkson and Hanson, 1980; Marschner, 1995; Loneragan, 1997; Grossman and Takahashi, 2001). Chemical analysis of plants revealed the occurrence of about 60 elements in different tissues although only 17 elements are essential for growth and metabolism. These seventeen elements were classified into two groups depending on the concentration needed by the plants and they were designated as macro and micro nutrients. Ideally the classification should be based on biological structure and metabolic function. According to Mengel and Kirkby (1978) they were divided in to four groups depending on their chemical nature. The first group includes C, H, O, N and S, which in reduced form are covalently bonded constituents of the plant organic matter. The second group consists of P and B which occur as oxyanions, phosphate, borate and silicate. The third includes K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn and Cl, which are associated with osmotic and ion balance roles. The fourth group of plant nutrients is made of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mo. These elements are present as structural chelates or metalloproteins. The nutrient requirement of plants can be assessed roughly by inorganic composition of the plant. Plant dry matter constitutes 10-20 percent of the fresh weight. Nearly 10 percent of the dry matter consists of mineral elements. The mineral composition of plants show a lot of variation and is influenced by several factors such as genetic 187 K.V. Madhava Rao, A.S. Raghavendra and K. Janardhan Reddy (eds.), Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants, 187–217. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Page 232 and 233: Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
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Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
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Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
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Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
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Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
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Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
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Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
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Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
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Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
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255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
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