Heavy Metal <strong>Stress</strong> 245 7. CONCLUSION The success <strong>of</strong> phytoremediation will require an improved underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> the biological processes involved in metal acquisition, movement across plant cells within a plant, shoot accumulation, <strong>and</strong> metal detoxification in both metal hyperaccumulator <strong>and</strong> nonaccumulator plants. Once our knowledge <strong>of</strong> these intricate processes is further enhanced, we will be able to fully take advantage <strong>of</strong> plants for phytoremediation <strong>of</strong> numerous <strong>and</strong> vast areas <strong>of</strong> agricultural l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong>/or natural habitats. 8. REFERENCES Abdullah, S.N.A., Cheah, S.C. <strong>and</strong> Murphy, D.J. (2002). Isolation <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> two divergent type 3 metallothioneins from oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. Plant. Physiol. Biochem. 40, 255-263. Alia. <strong>and</strong> Saradhi, P. (1991). Proline accumulation under heavy metal stress. J. Plant. Physiol. 138, 504-508. Arazi, T., Sunkar, R., Kaplan, B. <strong>and</strong> Fromm, H. (1999). A tobacco plasma membrane calmodulinbinding transporter confers Ni 2+ tolerance <strong>and</strong> Pb 2+ hypersensitivity in transgenic plants. Plant J. 20, 171-182. Arisi, A-C.M., Mocquot, B., Lagriffoul, A., Mench, M., Foyer, C.H. <strong>and</strong> Jouanin, L. (2000). Responses to cadmium in leaves <strong>of</strong> transformed poplars overexpressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Physiol. Plant. 109, 143-149. Assunção, A.G.L., Bookum, W.M., Nelissen, H.J.M., Voojis, R., Schat, H. <strong>and</strong> Ernst, W.H.O. (2003). Differential metal-specific tolerance <strong>and</strong> accumulation patterns among Thlaspi caerulescens populations originating from different soil types. New Phytol. 159, 411-419. Assunção, A.G.L., Da Costa Martins, P., Folter, S., Vooijs, R., Schat, H. <strong>and</strong> Aarts, M.G.M. (2001). Elevated expression <strong>of</strong> metal transporter genes in three accessions <strong>of</strong> the metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Cell Env. 24, 217-226. Baker, A.J.M., McGrath, S.P., Reeves, D.R. <strong>and</strong> Smith, J.A.C. (2000). Metal hyperaccumulator plants: a review <strong>of</strong> the ecology <strong>and</strong> physiology <strong>of</strong> a biological resource for phytoremediation <strong>of</strong> metal-polluted soils. In: Terry N. <strong>and</strong> Banuelos G., eds. Phytoremediation <strong>of</strong> contaminated soils <strong>and</strong> water. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press LLC, pp. 171-188. Bal<strong>and</strong>in, T. <strong>and</strong> Castresana, C. (2000). AtCPX17, an Arabidopsis homolog <strong>of</strong> the yeast copper chaperone COX17. Plant Physiol. 129, 1852-1857. Bassi, R. <strong>and</strong> Sharma, S.S. (1993a). Changes in proline content accompanying the uptake <strong>of</strong> zinc <strong>and</strong> copper by Lemna minor. Ann. Bot. 72, 151-154. Bassi, R. <strong>and</strong> Sharma, S.S. (1993b). Proline accumulation in wheat seedlings exposed to zinc <strong>and</strong> copper. Phytochem. 33, 1339-1342. Baxter, I., Tchieu, J., Sussman, M.R., Boutry, M., Palmgren, M.G., Gribskov, M., Harper, J.F. <strong>and</strong> Axelsen, K.B. (2003). Genomic comparison <strong>of</strong> P-type ATPase ion pumps in Arabidopsis <strong>and</strong> rice. Plant Physiol. 132, 618-328. Becher, M., Talke, I.N., Krall, L. <strong>and</strong> Krämer, U. (2004). Cross-species microarray transcript pr<strong>of</strong>iling reveals high constitutive expression <strong>of</strong> metal homeostasis genes in shoots <strong>of</strong> the zinc hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri. Plant J. 37, 251-268. Belouchi, A., Cellier, M., Kwan, T., Saini, H.S., Leroux, G. <strong>and</strong> Gros, P. (1995). The macrophagespecific membrane protein Nramp controlling natural resistance to infection in mice has homologues expressed in the root system <strong>of</strong> plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 29, 1181-1196. Belouchi, A., Kwan, T. <strong>and</strong> Gros, P. (1997). Cloning <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> the OsNramp family from Oryza sativa, a new family <strong>of</strong> membrane proteins possibly implicated in the transport <strong>of</strong> metal ions. Plant Mol. Biol. 33, 1085-1092.
246 K. Gasic <strong>and</strong> S.S. Korban Bennett, L.E., Burkhead, J.L., Hale, K.L., Terry, N. <strong>and</strong> Pilon-Smits, E.A. (2003). Analysis <strong>of</strong> transgenic Indian mustard plants for phytoremediation <strong>of</strong> metal-contaminated mine tailings. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 432-440. Bereczky, Z., Wang, H-Y., Schubert, V., Ganal, M. <strong>and</strong> Bauer, P. (2003). Differential regulation <strong>of</strong> nramp <strong>and</strong> irt metal transporter genes in wild type <strong>and</strong> iron uptake mutants <strong>of</strong> tomato. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 24697-24704. Bernhard, W.R. <strong>and</strong> Kägi, H.R. 1987. Purification <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> atypical cadmium-binding polypeptides from Zea mays. Experientia 52, 309-315. Bizili, S.P., Rugh, C.L. <strong>and</strong> Megaher, R.B. (2000). Phytodetoxification <strong>of</strong> hazardous organomercurials by genetically engineered plants. Nat. Biotech. 18, 213-217. Blaudez, D., Kohler, A., Martin, F., S<strong>and</strong>ers, D. <strong>and</strong> Chalot, M. (2003). Poplar metal tolerance protein 1 confers zinc tolerance <strong>and</strong> is an oligomeric vacuolar zinc transporter with an essential leucine zipper motif. Plant Cell 15, 2911-2928. Bleeker, P.M., Schat, H., Voojis, R., Verkleij, A.C. <strong>and</strong> Ernst, W.H.O. (2003). Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> arsenate tolerance in Cytisus striatus. New Phytol. 157, 33-38. Boominathan, R. <strong>and</strong> Doran, P.M. (2003). Cadmium tolerance <strong>and</strong> antioxidative defenses in hairy roots <strong>of</strong> the cadmium hyperaccumulator, Thlaspi caerulescens. Biotech. Bioeng. 83, 158-167. Borrelly, G.P., Harrison, M.D., Robinson, A.K., Cox, S.G., Robinson, N.J. <strong>and</strong> Whitehall, S.K. (2002). Surplus zinc is h<strong>and</strong>led by Zym1 metallothionein <strong>and</strong> Zhf endoplasmic reticulum transporter in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30394-30400. Bovet, L., Eggman, T., Meylan-Bettex, M., Polier, J., Kammer, P., Marin, E., Feller, U. <strong>and</strong> Martinoia, E. (2003). Transcription levels <strong>of</strong> AtMRPs after cadmium treatment: induction <strong>of</strong> AtMRP3. Plant Cell Env. 26, 371-381 Bughio, N., Yamaguchi, H., Nishizawa, N.K., Nakanishi, H. <strong>and</strong> Mori, S. (2002). Cloning an ironregulated metal transporter from rice. J. Exp. Bot. 53, 1677-1682. Carrier, P., Baryla, A. <strong>and</strong> Havaux, M. (2003). Cadmium distribution <strong>and</strong> microlocalization in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) after long-term growth on cadmium –contaminated soil. Planta 216, 939–950. Chang, T., Liu, X., Xu, H., Meng, K., Chen, S. <strong>and</strong> Zhu, Z. (2004). A metallothionein like gene htMT2 strongly expressed in internodes <strong>and</strong> nodes <strong>of</strong> Helinathus tuberosus <strong>and</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> metal ion treatment on its expression. Planta 218, 449-455. Chassaigne, H., Vachina, V., Kutchan, T.M. <strong>and</strong> Zenk, M.H. (2001). Identification <strong>of</strong> phytochelatinrelated peptides in maize seedlings exposed to cadmium <strong>and</strong> obtained enzymatically in vitro. Phytochem. 56, 657-668. Chen, J., Zhou, J. <strong>and</strong> Goldsbrough, P. (1997). Characterization <strong>of</strong> phytocheltain synthase from tomato. Physiol. Plant. 101, 165-172. Clemens, S., Bloss, T., Vess, C., Neumann, D., Nies, D.H <strong>and</strong> zur Nieden, U. (2002). A transporter in the endoplasmic reticulum <strong>of</strong> Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells mediated zinc storage <strong>and</strong> differentially affects transition metal tolerance. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 18215-18221. Clemens, S., Kim, E.J., Neumann, D. <strong>and</strong> Schroeder, J.I. 1999. Tolerance to toxic metals by a gene family <strong>of</strong> phytochelatin synthases from plants <strong>and</strong> yeast. EMBO J. 18, 3325-3333. Clemens, S. 2001. <strong>Molecular</strong> mechanisms <strong>of</strong> plant metal tolerance <strong>and</strong> homeostasis. Planta 212, 475-486 Cobbett, C.S. <strong>and</strong> Goldsbrough, P. (2002). Phytochelatins <strong>and</strong> metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification <strong>and</strong> homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 53, 159-182 Cobbett, C.S., Hussain, D. <strong>and</strong> Haydon, M.J. (2003). Structural <strong>and</strong> functional relationship between type 1 B heavy metal-transporting P-type ATPases in Arabidopsis. New Phytol. 159, 315-321. Cobbett, C.S., May, M.J., Howden, R. <strong>and</strong> Rolls, B. (1998). The gluthatione-deficient, cadmiumsensitive mutant, cad2-1, <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis thaliana is deficient in γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Plant J. 16, 73-78. Cobbett, C.S. (2000). Phytochelatins <strong>and</strong> their roles in heavy metal detoxification. Plant Physiol. 123, 825-832. Connolly, E.L., Fett, J.P. <strong>and</strong> Guerinot, M.L. (2002). Expression <strong>of</strong> the IRT1 metal transporter is
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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18 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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20 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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22 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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24 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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26 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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28 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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30 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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32 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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34 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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36 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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38 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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104 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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106 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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108 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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110 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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112 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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114 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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116 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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118 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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120 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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122 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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124 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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126 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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128 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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160 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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162 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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164 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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166 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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168 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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170 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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172 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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174 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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176 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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178 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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180 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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182 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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184 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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186 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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304 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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306 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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308 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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310 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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312 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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314 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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316 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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318 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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322 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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324 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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326 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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328 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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330 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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332 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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334 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,