Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-deficient plants contained low levels of soluble carbohydrates. The decrease is more in roots and this may be responsible for the reduced growth of roots (Marcar and Graham, 1987). Mn 2+ deficiency induced the accumulation of soluble nitrogen whereas the protein content was more or less same in Mn 2+ deficient and sufficient plants (Table 8). Table 8. Effect of manganese on growth and certain chemical constituents of bean plants* Parameter Leaves Roots +Mn -Mn +Mn -Mn Dry weight (g/plant) 0.64 0.46 0.21 0.14 Soluble carbohydrates (mg/g. dry weight) 17.50 4.00 7.60 0.90 Soluble Nitrogen (mg/g. dry weight) 6.80 11.90 17.20 21.70 Protein Nitrogen (mg/g. dry weight) 52.70 51.20 27.00 25.60 *Adapted from Vielemeyer et al. (1969). Manganese deficiency is common in soils with high pH and is also found in highly leached tropical soils. Mn deficiency symptoms first appear in younger leaves. The symptoms will vary from species to species. In monocots, greenish grey spots are seen in the basal leaves, resulting in chlorotic striping between the veins. The deficiency symptoms in oat is commonly referred as “grey speck” of oats. In dicots, initially small yellow spots are visible and later on develops in to interveinal chlorosis. The deficiency symptoms of Mn in certain crops were given specific names such as ‘marsh spot of peas’, ‘grey speck of oats’ and pahala blight of sugar cane’. Ohiki et al., (1981) reported critical deficiency level for most plant species in the range of 10-20 µg/g of dry matter. Unlike the narrow range of manganese deficiency, the toxicity content varies between plant species and environmental conditions. The critical toxicity content range vary from 200 ppm in maize to 5300 ppm in sunflower (Table 9).
Nutrient Stress 199 Table 9 . Toxic levels of manganese in the shoots of cer tain crop plants* Plant Maize 200 Pigeonpea 300 Soyabean 600 Cotton 750 Sweet potato 1380 Sunflower 5300 *Adapted from Edwards and Asher (1982). Manganese content (ppm) Normally manganese toxicity shows chlorosis in young leaves. This may be due to Mn 2+ induced iron deficiency since Fe 2+ deficiency also shows chlorosis in young leaves. In many plants the toxicity symptoms occur as interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. These symptoms are associated with deformation of young leaves and commonly known as “crinkle leaf”. Although many soils contain adequate levels of manganese, the application of Mn to calcareous peat soils is recommended. In these soils application of Mn fertilizers like MnSO 4 is usually applied. 10. ZINC Zinc is the last element in the first transition series with completely filled ‘d’ orbitals. The zinc content of most of the soils is in the range of about 10-30 ppm. Plants take up zinc mainly as a divalent cation (Zn 2+ ). The biochemical functions of zinc are based on its strong tendencies to form tetrahedral complexes with N, O 2 and S ligands and plays structural and functional role in enzyme reactions. Zinc is an activator of several enzymes, play an important role in DNA and RNA metabolism, protein synthesis, auxin metabolism and membrane integrity. Carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, phospholipase and carboxy peptidase are important enzymes where zinc is an integral part of enzyme structure. Zinc activates a number of enzymes like dehydrogenases, aldolases and isomerases. Zinc plays an important role in DNA replication, transcription and regulation of gene expression (Coleman, 1992, Vallee and Falchuk, 1993). Zinc deficiency decreases protein synthesis and results in the accumulation of aminoacids and amides. Further, zinc is essential for the activity of RNA polymerase and for the structural integrity of ribosomes. The ribosomes become unstable under
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Page 162 and 163: Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Page 230 and 231: Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Page 238 and 239: Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
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Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
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Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
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255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
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Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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