Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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166 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra Figure 3. Photo-regulation of xanthophyll cycle in plant cells In addition, the light-regulated interconversion of photoprotective pigments like carotenoids confer a selective advantage under natural environment characterized by rapid changes in growth light intensity associated with other environmental constraints. Sun-acclimated leaves showed rapid increase in xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation compared to shade leaves. The sun leaves typically exhibited larger pool sizes of xanthophyll cycle pigments as well as their greater ability to convert this pool to antheraxanthine and zeaxanthine rapidly under high light (Bjorkman and Demmig- Adams, 1994). A large group of non-photosynthetic pigments including flavonoids (C 6 -C 3 -C 6 types) and the closely related anthocyanins (flavylium C 6 -C 3 -C 6+ types) and betacyanins which are known for their screening out incoming visible and UV-radiations are reported to dissipate excess photon energy (Torel et al., 1986; Yutang et al., 1990; Winkel-Shirley, 2002; Edreva, 2005b). The antioxidant and ROS-scavenging ability of these non-photosynthetic pigments can protect the plant from photooxidative stress.
Photooxidative Stress 167 5.1.2. Ascorbic Acid (AsA) L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an abundant metabolite in plant cells, some times reaching levels upto 10% of plant cell carbohydrate content (Smirnoff and Pallanca, 1995). AsA plays an important role in stress physiology of plants as well as plant growth and development. One of the most important activity of AsA is protection of plant cell against photooxidative stress (Davey et al., 2002). The biosynthesis of AsA and its involvement in protection against photooxidative stress suggest link between photosynthesis, light and AsA pool size. Leaf AsA content was markedly correlated with light intensity at the leaf surface (Foyer, 1993), Barley and Arabidopsis leaves accumulate significantly more AsA under high light compared to low light conditions (Conklin et al., 1997) of late, there is an increasing body of evidence confirming the role of AsA in the detoxification of ROS in the plants. AsA as the capacity to directly eliminate several different ROS, including 1 O 2 , O 2- , OH ? (Padh, 1990). AsA is also known to maintain the membrane bound antioxidant á-tocopherol in the reduced state (Liebler et al., 1986). In addition AsA plays a major role in photoprotection as a cofactor in the xanthophyll cycle (Conklin, 2001). The conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin across the thylakoid membrane is thought to be involved in non-photochemical quenching of excess light energy in PSII (Deming-Adams and Adams, 1996). AA was shown to be required as a cofactor for the enzyme violoxanthine-de-epoxidase (Hager, 1969). AsAdeficient Arabidopsis mutants had lower levels of non-photochemical quenching due to a decrease in this de-epoxidation reaction (Conklin, 2001). However, the regeneration of AA in the plant cells is always associated with glutathione cycle as discussed below. 5.1.3. Glutathione The non-protein, water-soluble and low molecular weight tripeptide thiol glutathione (GSH; ã-glutamyl cysteinyl glycine) plays a pivotal role in minimizing cellular disfunction, arising through stress induced redox perturbation (Vernoux et al., 2002). Interest in the benefits of genetically engineered cellular GSH concentrations in higher plants was prompted by the observations that elevated GSH levels correlated with stress tolerance. Successive oxidation and reduction of ascorbate, glutathione and NADPH would perform the potential scavenging of H 2 O 2 generated through photooxidative stress in the chloroplast. These reactions are collectively referred as ascorbate-glutathione cycle (Figure 4). Later this pathway has been identified in other sub-cellular compartments including mitochondria, peroxisomes as well as in roots, endosperm, root nodules and petals (Bielawski and Jay, 1986; Klapheek et al., 1990; Mullineaux et al., 1996). Glutathione content in the plant cells is now used as a marker of oxidative stress in higher plants (Grill et al., 2001; Sopory, 2003; Tausz et al., 2004). Glutathione has also been shown as an antioxidant in mitochondria, cytosol, peroxisomes and nucleus (Noctor et al., 2002; Muller et al., 2002).
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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Page 162 and 163: Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
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219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
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Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
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Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
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Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
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Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
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Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
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Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
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Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
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Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
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Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
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Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
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Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
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Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
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Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
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255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
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Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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