Freezing <strong>Stress</strong> 151 Ideker, T., Galitski, T. <strong>and</strong> Hood, L. (2001) A new approach to decoding life: systems biology. Annu. Rev. Geno. Hum. Genet, 2, 343-372. Ishikawa, T., Sakai, K., Takeda, T. <strong>and</strong> Shigeoka, S. (1995). Cloning <strong>and</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> cDNA encoding a new type <strong>of</strong> ascorbate peroxidase from spinach. FEBS Lett. 367, 28-32. Johnson-Flanagan, A.M. <strong>and</strong> Singh, J. (1987). Alteration <strong>of</strong> gene expression during the induction <strong>of</strong> freezing tolerance in Brassica napus suspension cultures. Plant Physiol. 85, 699-705. Kacperska A. (1985). Biochemical <strong>and</strong> physiological aspects <strong>of</strong> frost hardening in herbaceous plants. In: Kaurin Å, Junttila O, Nilsen J. eds. Plant production in the north. Tromso: Norwegian University Press, 99–115. Kacperska, A. (1999). Plant responses to low temperature: signalling pathways involved in plant acclimation. In: R. Margesin <strong>and</strong> F. Schinner, eds. Cold-Adapted Organisms. Ecology, physiology, enzymology <strong>and</strong> molecular biology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 79-103. Kacperska-Palacz, A., Dlugokecka, E., Breitenwald, J. <strong>and</strong> Weislinska, B. (1977). Physiological mechanisms <strong>of</strong> frost tolerance: possible role <strong>of</strong> protein in plant adaptation to cold. Biol. Plant. 19, 10-17. Key, J.L., Lin, C.Y. <strong>and</strong> Chen, Y.M. (1981). Heat shock proteins <strong>of</strong> higher plants. Pros. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 3526-30. Kitano H, (2002) Computational systems biology Nature 420, 206-210. Knight, H. (2000). Calcium signalling during abiotic stress in plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 195, 269-325. Koch, K.E. (1996). Carbohydrate modulated gene expression in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 509-540. Krasnuk, M., Jung, G.A. <strong>and</strong> Witham, F.H. (1976). Electrophoretic studies <strong>of</strong> several hydrolytic enzymes in relation to cold tolerance <strong>of</strong> alfalfa. Cryobiology 13, 375-93. Krasnuk, M., Jung, G.A. <strong>and</strong> Withan, F.H. (1975). Electrophoretic studies <strong>of</strong> the relationship <strong>of</strong> peroxidases, polyphenol oxidase, <strong>and</strong> indoleacetic acid oxidase to cold tolerance <strong>of</strong> alfalfa. Cryobiolgy 12, 62-80. Krasnuk, M., Withoam, F.H. <strong>and</strong> Jung, G.A. (1976). Electrophoretic studies <strong>of</strong> several hydrolytic enzymes in relation to cold tolerance <strong>of</strong> alfalfa. Cryobiology 13, 225-42. Kreps, J.A., Wu, Y., Chang, H.S., Zhu, T., Wang, X. <strong>and</strong> Harper, J.F. (2002). Transcriptome changes for Arabidopsis in response to salt, osmotic <strong>and</strong> cold stress. Plant Physiol. 130, 2129-2141. Kreps, J.A., Wu, Y., Chang, H-S., Zhu, T., Wang, X. <strong>and</strong> Harper, J.F. (2002). Transcriptome changes for Arabidopsis in response to salt, osmotic, <strong>and</strong> cold stress. Plant Physiol. 130, 2129-2141. Kurkela, S., Franck, M., Heino, P., Lang, V. <strong>and</strong> Palva, E.T. (1988). Cold induced gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Plant Cell Rep. 7, 495-98. Laroche, A. <strong>and</strong> Hopkins, W.G. (1987). Polysomes from winter rye seedlings grown at low temperature. I. Size class distribution, composition, <strong>and</strong> stability. Plant Physiol. 85, 684-54. Lee, S., Kim, S., Crain, R.C., Kwak, J.M., Nam, H.C. <strong>and</strong> Lee, Y. (1997). Systemic evaluation <strong>of</strong> phosphatidec acid <strong>and</strong> lysophospholipid levels in wounded plants. Plant J. 12, 547-556. Legg, W.G., Fowler, D.B. <strong>and</strong> Gusta, L.V. (1983). The cold hardiness <strong>of</strong> winter wheat tillers acclimated under field conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 63, 879-888. Levitt, J. (1980). Responses <strong>of</strong> plants to environmental stresses: Chilling, freezing <strong>and</strong> high temperature stresses. Vol. 1 2 nd Ed. Academic Press: New York. Lu, C. <strong>and</strong> Fedor<strong>of</strong>f, N. (2000). A mutation in the Arabidopsis HYL1 gene encoding a dsRNA binding protein affects responses to abscisic acid, auxin, <strong>and</strong> cytokinin. The Plant Cell. 12, 2351–2366. Mackerness, S.A.H., John, C.F., Jordan, B. <strong>and</strong> Thomas, B. (2001). Early signalling components in ultraviolet-B responses:distinct roles for different reactive oxygen species <strong>and</strong> nitric oxide. FEBS Lett. 489, 237-242. Marmiroli, N., Terzi, V., Odoardi Stanca, M., Lorenaoni, C. <strong>and</strong> Stanca, A.M. (1986). Protein synthesis during cold shock in barley tissues. Theor. Appl. Genet. 73, 190-96. McCowan, B. H., McLeester, R.C., Beck, G. E. <strong>and</strong> Hall, T. C. (1969). Environment-induced changes in peroxidase zymograms in the stems <strong>of</strong> deciduous <strong>and</strong> evergreen plants. Cryobiology 5, 410- 12.
152 R.G. Trischuk, B.S. Schilling, M. Wisniewski <strong>and</strong> L.V. Gusta McCown, B. H., Beck, G.E. <strong>and</strong> Hall, T.C. (1968). Plant leaf <strong>and</strong> stem proteins. I. Extraction <strong>and</strong> electrophoretic separation <strong>of</strong> basic, water-soluble fraction. Plant Physiol. 43. 578-82. McKersie, B.D. <strong>and</strong> Bowley, S.R. (1996). Active oxygen <strong>and</strong> freezing tolerance in transgenic plants. In P.H. Li <strong>and</strong> T.H.H. Chen, eds. Plant Cold Hardiness: <strong>Molecular</strong> <strong>Biology</strong>, Biochemistry <strong>and</strong> <strong>Physiology</strong>, Plenum Press. pp. 225-236. McKersie, B.D., Chen, Y., de Beus, M., Bowley, S.R., Bowler, C., Inzé, D., D’Halluin K. <strong>and</strong> Botterman, J. (1993). Superoxide dismutase enhances tolerance <strong>of</strong> freezing stress in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Plant Physiol. 103, 1155 -1163. Meza-Basso, L., Alberdi, M., Raynal, M., Ferrero-Cadinanos, M.L. <strong>and</strong> Delseny, M. (1986). Changes in protein synthesis in rapeseed (Brassica napus) seedlings during a low temperature treatment. Plant Physiol. 82, 733-38. Mohapatra, S.S., Poole, R.J. <strong>and</strong> Dhindsa, R.S. (1987). Cold acclimation, freezing resistance <strong>and</strong> protein synthesis in rapeseed (Brassica napus) seedlingsduring a low temperature treatment. Plant Physiol. 82, 733-38. Moller, S.C. <strong>and</strong> Chuaa, N.H. 1999. Interactions <strong>and</strong> intersections <strong>of</strong> plant signalling pathways. J. Mol. Biol. 293, 219-234. Monroe-Augustus, M., Zolman, B.K. <strong>and</strong> Bartel, B. (2003). IBRS, a dual-specificity phosphataselike protein modulating auxin <strong>and</strong> abscisic acid responsiveness in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 15, 2979-2991. Monroy, A. F. <strong>and</strong> Dhindsa, R. S. (1995) Low temperature signal transduction: The induction <strong>of</strong> cold acclimation-specific genes <strong>of</strong> alfalfa by calcium at 25°C. Plant Cell. 7, 321-331. Monroy, A.F., Castonguay, Y., Laberge, S., Vezina, L.P. <strong>and</strong> Dhindsa, R.S. (1993). A new coldinduced alfalfa gene is associated with enhanced hardening at sub-zero temperature. Plant Physiol. 102, 873-879. Monroy, A.F., Sarhan, F. <strong>and</strong> Dhindsa, R.S. (1993a). Cold-induced changes in freezing tolerance, protein phosphorylation, <strong>and</strong> gene expression. Plant Physiol. 102, 1227-1235. Moyen, C., K.E. Hammond-Kosack. J. Jones, Knight, M.R. <strong>and</strong> Johannes, E. (1998). Systemin triggers an increase in cytoplasmic calcium in tomato mesophyll cells: Ca 2+ mobilization from intra- <strong>and</strong> extracellular compartments. Plant Cell Environ. 21, 1101-1111. Murata, N. <strong>and</strong> Los, D.A. (1997). Membrane fluidity <strong>and</strong> temperature perception. Plant Physiol. 115, 875–879. Nogueira, F.T.S., V.E. De Rosa Jr., Menossi, M., Ulian, E.C. <strong>and</strong> Arruda, P. (2003). RNA expression pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>and</strong> data mining <strong>of</strong> sugarcane response to low temperature. Plant Physiol. 132, 1811- 1824. O’Donnell, P.J., Schmetz, E., Block, A., Miersch, O., Wasternach, C., Jones, J.B. <strong>and</strong> Klee, H.J. (2003). Multiple hormones act sequentially to mediate a susceptible tomato pathogen defense response. Plant Physiol. 133, 1181-1189. Olien, C.R. (1967). Freezing stresses <strong>and</strong> survival. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 18, 387-408. Olien, C.R. <strong>and</strong> Clark, J.L. (1993). Changes in Soluble Carbohydrate Composition <strong>of</strong> Barley, Wheat, <strong>and</strong> Rye during Winter. Agron. J. 85, 21-29. Ougham, H.J. (1987). Gene expression during leaf development in Lolium temulentum: patterns <strong>of</strong> protein synthesis in response to heat-shock <strong>and</strong> cold-shock. Physiol. Plant. 70, 479-84. Parker, J. (1962). Relationships among cold hardiness, water-soluble protein, anthocyanins, & free sugars in Hedera helix L. Plant Physiol. 37, 809-13. Perras, M. <strong>and</strong> Sarhan, F. (1989). Synthesis <strong>of</strong> freezing tolerance proteins in leaves, crown <strong>and</strong> roots during cold acclimation <strong>of</strong> wheat. Plant Physiol. 89, 577-585. Plieth, C., Hansen, V.P., Knight, H. <strong>and</strong> Knight, M.R. (1999). Temperature sensing by plants: The primary characteristics <strong>of</strong> signal perception <strong>and</strong> calcium response. Plant J. 18, 491-497. Pomeroy, M. K., Siminovitch, D. <strong>and</strong> Wrightman F. (1970). Seasonal biochemical changes in the living bark <strong>and</strong> needles <strong>of</strong> red pin (Pinus resinosa) in relation to adaptation to freezing. Can. J. Bot. 48, 953-67. Reany, M.J.T., Gusta, L.V. <strong>and</strong> Abrams, S.R. (1989). The effect <strong>of</strong> abscisic acid, kinetin <strong>and</strong> gibber-
- Page 2 and 3:
PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
- Page 4 and 5:
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
- Page 6 and 7:
About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
- Page 8 and 9:
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
- Page 10 and 11:
List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
- Page 12 and 13:
PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
- Page 14 and 15:
2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
- Page 16 and 17:
4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
- Page 18 and 19:
6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
- Page 20 and 21:
8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
- Page 22 and 23:
10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
- Page 24 and 25:
12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
- Page 26 and 27:
14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
- Page 28 and 29:
16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 30 and 31:
18 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 32 and 33:
20 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 34 and 35:
22 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 36 and 37:
24 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 38 and 39:
26 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 40 and 41:
28 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 42 and 43:
30 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 44 and 45:
32 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 46 and 47:
34 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 48 and 49:
36 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 50 and 51:
38 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
- Page 52 and 53:
41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
- Page 54 and 55:
Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
- Page 56 and 57:
Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
- Page 58 and 59:
Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
- Page 60 and 61:
Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
- Page 62 and 63:
Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
- Page 64 and 65:
Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
- Page 66 and 67:
Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
- Page 68 and 69:
Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
- Page 70 and 71:
Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
- Page 72 and 73:
Salt Stress 61 A significant number
- Page 74 and 75:
Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
- Page 76 and 77:
Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
- Page 78 and 79:
Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
- Page 80 and 81:
Salt Stress 69 together with the At
- Page 82 and 83:
Salt Stress 71 important role in si
- Page 84 and 85:
Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
- Page 86 and 87:
Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
- Page 88 and 89:
Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
- Page 90 and 91:
Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
- Page 92 and 93:
Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
- Page 94 and 95:
Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
- Page 96 and 97:
Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
- Page 98 and 99:
Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
- Page 100 and 101:
Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
- Page 102 and 103:
Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
- Page 104 and 105:
Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
- Page 106 and 107:
Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
- Page 108 and 109:
Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
- Page 110 and 111: Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
- Page 112 and 113: 102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 114 and 115: 104 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 116 and 117: 106 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 118 and 119: 108 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 120 and 121: 110 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 122 and 123: 112 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 124 and 125: 114 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 126 and 127: 116 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 128 and 129: 118 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 130 and 131: 120 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 132 and 133: 122 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 134 and 135: 124 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 136 and 137: 126 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 138 and 139: 128 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
- Page 140 and 141: 131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
- Page 142 and 143: Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
- Page 144 and 145: Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
- Page 146 and 147: Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
- Page 148 and 149: Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
- Page 150 and 151: Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
- Page 152 and 153: Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
- Page 154 and 155: Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
- Page 156 and 157: Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
- Page 158 and 159: Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
- Page 162 and 163: Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
- Page 164 and 165: Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
- Page 166 and 167: 158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 168 and 169: 160 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 170 and 171: 162 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 172 and 173: 164 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 174 and 175: 166 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 176 and 177: 168 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 178 and 179: 170 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 180 and 181: 172 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 182 and 183: 174 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 184 and 185: 176 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 186 and 187: 178 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 188 and 189: 180 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 190 and 191: 182 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 192 and 193: 184 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 194 and 195: 186 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
- Page 196 and 197: 188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
- Page 198 and 199: 190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
- Page 200 and 201: 192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
- Page 202 and 203: 194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
- Page 204 and 205: 196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
- Page 206 and 207: 198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
- Page 208 and 209: 200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
- Page 210 and 211:
202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
- Page 212 and 213:
204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
- Page 214 and 215:
206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
- Page 216 and 217:
208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
- Page 218 and 219:
210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
- Page 220 and 221:
212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
- Page 222 and 223:
214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
- Page 224 and 225:
216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
- Page 226 and 227:
219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
- Page 228 and 229:
Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
- Page 230 and 231:
Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
- Page 232 and 233:
Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
- Page 234 and 235:
Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
- Page 236 and 237:
Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
- Page 238 and 239:
Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
- Page 240 and 241:
Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
- Page 242 and 243:
Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
- Page 244 and 245:
Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
- Page 246 and 247:
Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
- Page 248 and 249:
Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
- Page 250 and 251:
Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
- Page 252 and 253:
Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
- Page 254 and 255:
Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
- Page 256 and 257:
Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
- Page 258 and 259:
Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
- Page 260 and 261:
Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
- Page 262 and 263:
255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
- Page 264 and 265:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 266 and 267:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 268 and 269:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 270 and 271:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 272 and 273:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 274 and 275:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 276 and 277:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 278 and 279:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 280 and 281:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 282 and 283:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 284 and 285:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 286 and 287:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 288 and 289:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 290 and 291:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 292 and 293:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 294 and 295:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 296 and 297:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 298 and 299:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 300 and 301:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 302 and 303:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 304 and 305:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 306 and 307:
Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
- Page 308 and 309:
302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 310 and 311:
304 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 312 and 313:
306 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 314 and 315:
308 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 316 and 317:
310 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 318 and 319:
312 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 320 and 321:
314 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 322 and 323:
316 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 324 and 325:
318 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 326 and 327:
Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
- Page 328 and 329:
322 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 330 and 331:
324 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 332 and 333:
326 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 334 and 335:
328 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 336 and 337:
330 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 338 and 339:
332 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 340 and 341:
334 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
- Page 342 and 343:
336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
- Page 344 and 345:
338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
- Page 346 and 347:
340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
- Page 348 and 349:
342 Index Processes less sensitive
- Page 350 and 351:
344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,