Heavy Metal <strong>Stress</strong> 249 Kägi, J.H.R. (1993). Evolution, structure <strong>and</strong> chemical activity <strong>of</strong> class I metallothioneins: an overview, In Suzuki K.T., Imura N. <strong>and</strong> Kimura M., eds, Metallothioneins III. Biological Roles <strong>and</strong> Medical Implications. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>, pp. 29-55. Kampfenkel, K., Kushnir, S., Babiychuk, E., Inzé, D. And Van Montagu, M. (1995). <strong>Molecular</strong> characterizayion <strong>of</strong> a putative Arabidopsis thaliana copper transporter <strong>and</strong> its yeast homologue. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 28479-28486. Kawashima, C.G., Noji, M., Nakamura, M., Ogra, Y., Suzuki, K.T. <strong>and</strong> Saito, K. (2004). Heavy metal tolerance <strong>of</strong> transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing cysteine synthase. Biotech. Lett. 26, 153-157. Kerkeb, L. <strong>and</strong> Krämer, U. (2003). 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Tissue- <strong>and</strong> Age- Dependent Differences in the Complexation <strong>of</strong> Cadmium <strong>and</strong> Zinc in the Cadmium/Zinc Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (Ganges Ecotype) Revealed by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Plant Physiol. 134, 748-757. Lane, B., Kajioka, R. <strong>and</strong> Kennedy, T. (1987). The wheat-germ E c protein is a zinc-containing metallothionein. Biochem. Cell Biol. 65, 1001-1005. Lasat, M.M., Pence, N.S., Garvin, D.F., Ebbs, S.D. <strong>and</strong> Kochian, L.V. (2000). <strong>Molecular</strong> physiology <strong>of</strong> zinc transport in the Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. J. Exp. Bot. 51, 71-79. Lee, J., Bae, H., Jeong, J., Lee, J.Y., Yang, Y.Y., Hwang, I., Martinoia, E. <strong>and</strong> Lee, Y. (2003). Functional expression <strong>of</strong> a bacterial heavy metal transporter in Arabidopsis enhances resistance to <strong>and</strong> decreases uptake <strong>of</strong> heavy metals. Plant Physiol. 133, 589-596. Lee, J., Reeves, R.D., Brooks, R.R. <strong>and</strong> Jaffré, T. (1977). Isolation <strong>and</strong> identification <strong>of</strong> a citratocomplex <strong>of</strong> nickel from nickel-accumulating plants. Phytochem. 16, 1503-1505. Lee, S. <strong>and</strong> Korban, S.S. (2002). Transcriptional regulation <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase (AtPCS1) by cadmium during early stages <strong>of</strong> plant development. Planta 215, 689-693. Lee, S., Moon, J.S., Domier, L.L. <strong>and</strong> Korban, S.S. (2002). <strong>Molecular</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> phytochelatin synthase expression in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 40, 727-733. Lee, S., Moon, J.S., Ko, T.S., Petros, D., Goldsbrough, P.B. <strong>and</strong> Korban, S. (2003a). Overexpression <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase paradoxically leads to hypersensitivity to cadmium stress. Plant Physiol. 131, 656-663. Lee, S., Petros, D., Moon, J.S., Ko, T.S., Goldsbrough, P.B. <strong>and</strong> Korban, S. (2003b). Higher levels <strong>of</strong> ectopic expression <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase do not lead to increased cadmium tolerance <strong>and</strong> accumulation. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41, 903-910. Leopold, I., Günther, D., Schmidt, J. <strong>and</strong> Neumann, D. (1999). Phytochelatins <strong>and</strong> heavy metal tolerance. Phytochem. 50, 1323-1328.
250 K. Gasic <strong>and</strong> S.S. Korban Li, X.F., Ma, J.F. <strong>and</strong> Matsumoto, H. (2000). Pattern <strong>of</strong> Al-induced secretion <strong>of</strong> organic acids differ between rye <strong>and</strong> wheat. Plant Physiol. 123, 1537-1544. Liao, M.T., Hedley, M.J., Woolley, D.J., Brooks, R.R. <strong>and</strong> Nichols, M.A. (2000). Copper uptake <strong>and</strong> translocation in chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv Grassl<strong>and</strong>s Puna) <strong>and</strong> tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv Rondy) plants grown in NFT system: II. The role <strong>of</strong> nicotianamine <strong>and</strong> histidine in xylem sap copper transport. Plant Soil 223, 243-252. Lombi, E.L., Tearall, K.L., Howarth, J.R., Zhao, F.J., Hawkesford, M.J. <strong>and</strong> McGrath, S.P. (2002). Influence <strong>of</strong> iron status on cadmium <strong>and</strong> zinc uptake by different ecotypes <strong>of</strong> the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Phys. 128, 1359-1367. Ma, J.F., Ryan, P.R. <strong>and</strong> Delhaize, E. (2001). Aluminum tolerance in plants <strong>and</strong> the complexing role <strong>of</strong> organic acids. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 273-278. Ma, J.F., Taketa, S. <strong>and</strong> Yang, Z.M. (2000). Aluminum tolerance genes on the short arm <strong>of</strong> chromosome 3R are linked to organic acid release in triticale. Plant Physiol. 122, 687-694. Ma, J.F., Zheng, S.J., Hiradate, S. <strong>and</strong> Matsumoto, H. (1997a). Detoxifying aluminum with buckwheat. Nature 390, 569-570. Ma, J.F., Zheng, S.J. <strong>and</strong> Matsumoto, H. (1997b). Specific secretion <strong>of</strong> citric acid induced by Al stress in Cassia tora L. Plant Cell Physiol. 38, 1019-1025. Ma, M., Lau, P.S., Jia, Y.T., Tsang, W.K., Lam, S.K.S., Tam, N.F.Y. <strong>and</strong> Wong, Y.S. (2003). The isolation <strong>and</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> type 1 metallothionein (MT) cDNA from a heavy-metaltolerant plant, Festuca rubra cv. Merlin. Plant Sci. 164, 51-60. Ma, Z. <strong>and</strong> Miyasaka, S.C. (1998). Oxalate exudation by taro in response to Al. Plant Physiol. 118, 861-865. Macnair, M.R. (1993). The genetics <strong>of</strong> metal tolerance in vascular plants. New Phytol. 124, 541- 559. Macnair, M.R. (2002). Within <strong>and</strong> between population genetic variation for zinc accumulation in Arabidopsis halleri. New Phytol. 15, 59-66. Martinoia, E., Massonneau, A. <strong>and</strong> Frangne, N. (2000). Transport processes <strong>of</strong> solutes across the vacuolar membrane <strong>of</strong> higher plants. Plant Cell Rep. 41, 1175-1186. Mäser, P., Thomine, S., Schroeder, J.I, Ward, J.M., Hirschi, K., Sze, H., Talke, I.N., Amtmann, A., Maathuis, F.J.M., S<strong>and</strong>ers, D., Harper, J.F., Tchieu, J., Gribskov, M., Persans, M.W., Salt, D.E., Kim, S.A. <strong>and</strong> Guerinot, M.L. (2001). Phylogenetic relationship within cation transporter families <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126, 1646-1667. Masters, B. A.; Kelly, E. J.; Quaife, C. J.; Brinster, R. L.; Palmiter, R. D. (1994). Targeted disruption <strong>of</strong> metallothionein I <strong>and</strong> II genes increases sensitivity to cadmium. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 584-588, 1994. May, M.J. <strong>and</strong> Leaver, C.J. (1995). Arabidopsis thaliana γ-glutamil-cysteine synthetase is structurally unrelated to mammalian, yeast, <strong>and</strong> Escherichia coli homologues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 10059-10063. Meuwly, P., Thibault, P. <strong>and</strong> Rauser, W.E. (1993). γ-Glutamylcysteinylglutamic acid – a new homologue <strong>of</strong> glutathione in maize seedlings exposed to cadmium. FEBS Lett. 336, 472-476. Meuwly, P., Thibault, P., Schwan, A.L. <strong>and</strong> Rauser, W.E. (1995). Three families <strong>of</strong> thiol peptides by are induced cadmium in maize. Plant J. 7, 391-400. Mira, H., Martinez-Garzia, F. <strong>and</strong> Penarrubia, L. (2001). Evidence for the plant-specific intercellular transport <strong>of</strong> the Arabidopsis copper chaperone CCH. Plant J. 25, 521-528. Misra, S. <strong>and</strong> Gedamu, L. (1989). Heavy metal tolerant transgenic Brassica napus L. <strong>and</strong> Nicotiana tabacum L. plants. Theor. Appl. Genet. 78, 161-168. Mizuno, D., Higuchi, K., Sakamoto, T., Nakanishi, H., Mori, S. <strong>and</strong> Nishizawa, N.K. (2003). Three nicotianamine synthase genes isolated from maize are differentially regulated by iron nutritional status. Plant Physiol. 132, 1989-1997. Moreau, S., Thomson, R.M., Kaiser, B.N., Trevaskik, B., Guerinot, M.L., Udvardi, M.K., Puppo, A. <strong>and</strong> Day, D.A. (2002). GmZIP1 encodes a symbiosis-specific zinc transporter in soybean. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 4738-4746.
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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18 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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20 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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24 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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26 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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28 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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30 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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32 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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34 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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36 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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38 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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104 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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106 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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108 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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110 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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112 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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114 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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116 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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118 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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120 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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122 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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124 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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126 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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128 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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160 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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162 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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164 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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166 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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168 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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174 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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176 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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178 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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180 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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182 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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184 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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186 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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304 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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306 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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308 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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310 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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312 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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314 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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316 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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318 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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322 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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324 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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326 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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328 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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330 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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332 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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334 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,