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(1998). Arabidopsis CBF1 overexpression induces COR genes <strong>and</strong> enhances freezing tolerance. Science 280, 104-106. Jan, J.C., Oh, S.J., Seo, J.S., Choi, W.B., Song, S.I., Kim, C.H., Kim, Y.S., Seo, H.S., Choi, Y.D., Nahm, B.H., <strong>and</strong> Kim, J.K. (2002). Expression <strong>of</strong> a bifunctional fusion <strong>of</strong> the Escherichia coli genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase <strong>and</strong> trehalose-6-phoshpate phosphatase in transgenic rice
290 B. Rathinasabapathi <strong>and</strong> R. Kaur plants increases trehalose accumulation <strong>and</strong> abiotic stress tolerance without stunting growth. Plant Physiol. 131, 516-524. Jansen, M.A.K., v<strong>and</strong>en Noort, R.E., Tan, M.Y.A., Prinsen, E., Lagrimini, L.M. <strong>and</strong> Thorneley, R.N.F. (2001). Phenol-oxidizing peroxidases contribute to the protection <strong>of</strong> plants from ultraviolet radiation stress. Plant Physiol. 126, 1012–1023. Jansen, M.A.K., Elfstr<strong>and</strong>, M., Heggie, L., Sitbon, F., Dix, P.J. <strong>and</strong> Thorneley, R.N.F. (2004). Overexpression <strong>of</strong> phenol-oxidising peroxidases alters the UV-susceptibility <strong>of</strong> transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. New Phytol. 163, 585–594. John, P. (1997). Ethylene biosynthesis: the role <strong>of</strong> 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase, <strong>and</strong> its possible evolutionary origin. Physiol. Plant. 100, 583-592. Kalbin, G., Hidema, J., Brosché, M., Kumagai, T., Bornman, J. F., <strong>and</strong> Å. Strid. (2001). UV-Binduced DNA damage <strong>and</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> defence genes under UV-B stress: tissue-specific molecular marker analysis in leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 24, 983–990. Karakas, B., Ozias-Akins, P., Stushn<strong>of</strong>f, C., Suefferheld, M. <strong>and</strong> R. Rieger. (1997). Salinity <strong>and</strong> drought tolerance <strong>of</strong> mannitol-accumulating transgenic tobacco. Plant, Cell <strong>and</strong> Environ. 20, 609–616. Kasuga M., Liu Q., Miura S., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. <strong>and</strong> Shinozaki, K. (1999). Improving plant drought, salt, <strong>and</strong> freezing tolerance by gene transfer <strong>of</strong> a single stress-inducible transcription factor. Nature Biotechnol. 17, 287-291. Kavi Kishor, B., Hong, Z., Miao, G., Hu, C. <strong>and</strong> Verma, D. (1995). Overexpression <strong>of</strong> Ä- 1 pyrroline -5-carboxylate synthetase increases proline production <strong>and</strong> confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol. 108, 1387–1394. Kawashima, C. G., Noji, M., Nakamura, M., Ogra, Y., Suzuki, K. T. <strong>and</strong> Saito, K. (2004). Heavy metal tolerance <strong>of</strong> transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing cysteine synthase. Biotechnol. Lett. 26, 153–157. Kaye, C.,Neven, L., H<strong>of</strong>ig, A., Li, Q.B., Haskell, D. <strong>and</strong> Guy, C. (1998). Characterization <strong>of</strong> a gene for spinach CAP160 <strong>and</strong> expression <strong>of</strong> two spinach cold-acclimation proteins in tobacco. Plant Physiol. 116, 1367–77. Kim J.C., Lee S.H., Cheong Y.H., Yoo C.M., Lee S.L., Chun H.J., Yun D.J., Hong J.C., Lee S.Y. <strong>and</strong> Lim, C.O. (2001). A novel cod-inducible zinc finger protein from soybean, SCOF-1, enhances cold tolerance in transgenic plants. Plant J. 25, 247-259. Klapheck, S., Schlunz, S. <strong>and</strong> Bergmann, L. (1995). Synthesis <strong>of</strong> phytochelatins <strong>and</strong> homophytochelatins in Pisum sativum L. Plant Physiol. 107, 515–521. Klueva N.Y., Maestri E., Marmiroli N. <strong>and</strong> Nguyen, H.T. (2001). Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> thermotolerance in crops. In: Crop responses <strong>and</strong> adaptations to temperature stress, Food Products Press, Binghamton, NY, pp. 177-217. Kodama, H., Hamada, T., Horiguchi, G., Nishimura, M. <strong>and</strong> Iba, K. (1994). Genetic enhancement <strong>of</strong> cold tolerance by expression <strong>of</strong> a gene for chloroplast v-3 fatty acid desaturase in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 105, 601–605. Kodama, H., Horiguchi, G., Nishiuchi, T., Nishimura, M. <strong>and</strong> Iba, K. (1995). Fatty acid desaturation during chilling acclimation is one <strong>of</strong> the factors involved in conferring low-temperature tolerance to young tobacco leaves. Plant Physiol 107, 1177–1185. Kondo, N. <strong>and</strong> Kawashima, M. (2000). Enhancement <strong>of</strong> the tolerance to oxidative stress in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings by UV-B irradiation: possible involvement <strong>of</strong> phenolic compounds <strong>and</strong> antioxidative enzymes. J. Plant Res. 113, 311-317. Konstantinova, T., Parvanova, D., Atanassov, A. <strong>and</strong> Djilianoiv, D. (2002). Freezing tolerant tobacco, transformed to accumulate osmoprotectants. Plant Sci. 163, 157-164. Koyama, H., Kawamura, A., Kihara, T., Hara, T., Takita, E. <strong>and</strong> Shibata, D. (2000). Overexpression <strong>of</strong> mitochondrial citrate synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana improved growth soil. Plant Cell Physiol. 41, 1030–1037. Krauss, G. (2001). Biochemistry <strong>of</strong> signal transduction <strong>and</strong> regulation. Wiley, New York. Ku, M.S.B., Agarie, S., Nomura, M., Fukayama, H., Tsuchida, H., Ono, K., Hirose, S., Toki, S., Miyao,
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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18 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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20 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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24 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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26 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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28 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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32 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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34 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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36 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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38 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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104 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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106 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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108 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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110 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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112 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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120 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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122 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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124 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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126 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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128 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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160 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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162 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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164 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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166 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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170 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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174 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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176 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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178 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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180 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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182 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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184 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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186 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
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200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
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202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
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204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
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206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
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208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
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210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
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212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
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214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
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216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
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219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
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Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
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Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
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Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
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Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
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Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
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- Page 342 and 343: 336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,