Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madhava, Sridevi, V and Satyanarayana N.V. 2002 Heat shock induced lipid changes and solute leakage in germinating seeds of pigeonpea. Biol. Plant. 45, 71-76. Rao, K.V. Madhava and Sresty, T.V.S. (2000) Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Sci. 157, 113-128. Rathinasabapathi, B. (2000). Metabolic engineering for stress tolerance: installing osmoprotectant synthesis pathways. Ann. Bot. 86, 709-716. Raymond, M.J. and Smirnoff, N. (2002). Proline metabolism and transport in maize seedlings at low water potential. Ann. Bot. 89, 813-823. Reddy, Ramachandra Attipalli., Chaitanya, K.V. and Vivekanandan, M. (2004). Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J Plant Physiol. 161, 1189-1202. Rudolf, A.S. and Crowe, J.H. (1985) Membrane stabilization during freezing: the role of two natural cryoprotectants, trehalose and pralines. Cryobiology 22, 367-377. Schützendübel, A. and Polle, A. (2002). Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. J. Exp. Bot. 53, 1351-1365. Smalle, J. and Vierstra. (2004). The ubiquitin 26S proteosome proteolytic pathway. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55, 555-590. Siminovitch, D., Rheaume, K., Pomeroy, K. and Lepage, M. (1968). Phospholipid, protein, and nucleic acid increases in protoplasm and membrane structure associated with development of extreme freezing resistance in black locust tree cells. Cryobiology 5, 202-225. Sresty, T.V.S. and Rao, K.V. Madhava . (1999). Ultrstuctural alterations in response to zinc and nickel stress in the root cells of pigeonpea. Environ. Exp. Bot. 41: 3-13. Sridevi, V., Satyanarayana, N.V. and Madhava Rao, K.V. (1999). Induction of heat shock proteins and acquisition of thermotolerance in germinating pigeonpea seeds. Biol. Plant. 42, 589-597. Stephanopoulos, G. (1999). Metabolic fluxes and metabolic engineering. Metabol. Engn. 1, 1-11. Steponkus, P.L. (1984). Role of the plasma membrane in freezing injury and cold acclimation. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35, 543-584. Stitt, M. (1995) Regulation of metabolism in transgenic plants. Annu. Rev. Plant physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46, 341-368. Tester, M. and Davenport, R. (2003) Na + tolerance and Na + transport in higher plants. Ann. Bot. 91, 503-527. Thomashow, M.F. (1999). Plant cold acclimation: freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 571-599. Tomsett, A.B. and Thurman, D.A. (1988) Molecular biology of metal tolerance of plants. Plant Cell Environ. 11, 383-394. Van Assche, I. and Clijsters, H. (1990) Effect of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 13, 195- 206. Vranova, E., Inze, D. and Van Breusegem, F. (2002) Signal transduction during oxidative stress. J. Exp Bot. 53, 1227-1236. Winicov, I. (1998). New molecular approaches to improving salt tolerance in crop plants. Ann. Bot. 82, 703-710. Xiong, L. and Zhu, J-K. (2001) Abiotic stress signal transduction in plants: molecular and genetic perspective. Physiol. Plant. 112, 152-166. Zeevaart, J.A.D. and Creelman, R.A. (1988) Metabolism and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu. Rev.Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 439-473. Zhu, J-K. (2001) Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 66-71. Zhu, J-K. (2002). Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 53, 247-273. Zörb, C., Noll, A., Karl, S., Leib, K. and Yan, F. (2005). Molecular characterisation of N + /H + antiporters (ZmNHX) of maize (Zea mays L.) and their expression under salt stress. J. Plant Physiol. 162, 55-66.
15 CHAPTER 2 WATER STRESS A. YOKOTA, K. TAKAHARA AND K. AKASHI Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0101, Japan (Email: yokota@bs.naist.jp) Key words: Abscisic acid, compatible solutes, desiccation, drought, photosynthesis, rubisco 1. INTRODUCTION Plants use ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) to fix CO 2 during photosynthesis. RuBisCO also reacts with O 2 , lowering productivity through inevitable photorespiration and increasing the CO 2 compensation point of C 3 plants to 50 to 70 bar. The Km value for CO 2 of RuBisCO is 10 to 15 µM and CO 2 activation is necessary for activity (Roy and Andrews, 2000). Diffusion barriers to CO 2 in the stomata, plasma membranes, cytosolic fluid and chloroplast envelopes lower CO 2 concentrations around RuBisCO to approximately 7 µM during active photosynthesis (von Caemmerer and Evans, 1991; Noctor et al., 2002), even with the aid of aquaporins for quick diffusion at plasma membranes (Terashima and Ono, 2002; Uehlein et al., 2003). Consequently, less than 20% of all RuBisCO catalytic sites actually participate in photosynthetic CO 2 fixation in chloroplasts (McCurry et al., 1981). Nevertheless, plants fix a total of 200 Gtons of CO 2 every year by investing a large amount of nitrogen in RuBisCO synthesis and by maximizing the density of stomata per leaf unit area and the size of stomatal apertures (Terashima et al., 2005). These properties of RuBisCO are the most critical factors influencing the physiology of plants under water-stressed conditions (Whitney and Andrews, 2001). The amount of water transpired from leaves through stomata is 500 to 1000 times more than the amount of CO 2 absorbed on a molar basis (Larcher, 1995). Consequently, plants need an enormous amount of water for growth. The water use efficiency of C 3 plants is 1.3 to 2 g of dry matter production per kg of water used and this is 2-fold higher in C 4 plants. This indicates the importance of water as a determinant of plant productivity in the field; for example, in the US drought is the most serious environmental stress affecting agricultural production (Table 1) (Boyer, 1982). K.V. Madhava Rao, A.S. Raghavendra and K. Janardhan Reddy (eds.), Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants, 15–39. © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. 15
Page 2 and 3: PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
Page 4 and 5: A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
Page 6 and 7: About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
Page 10 and 11: List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
Page 12 and 13: PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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Page 52 and 53: 41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
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200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
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202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
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204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
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206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
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208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
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210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
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212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
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214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
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216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
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219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
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Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
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Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
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Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
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Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
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Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
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Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
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Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
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Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
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Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
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Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
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Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
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Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
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Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
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255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
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