Heavy Metal <strong>Stress</strong> 247 controlled by metals at the levels <strong>of</strong> transcript <strong>and</strong> protein accumulation. Plant Cell 14, 1347- 1357 Cosio, C., Martinois, E. <strong>and</strong> Keller, C. (2004). Hyperaccumulation <strong>of</strong> cadmium <strong>and</strong> zinc in Thlaspi caerulescens <strong>and</strong> Arabidopsis halleri at the leaf cellular level. Plant Physiol. 134, 716-725. Costa, G. <strong>and</strong> Morel, J.L. (1994). Water, relations, gas exchange <strong>and</strong> amino acid content in Cdtreated lettuce. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 32, 561-565. Creissen, G., Firmin, J., Fryer, M., Kular, B., Leyl<strong>and</strong>, N., Reynolds, H., Pastori, G., Wellburn, F., Baker, N., Wellburn, A. <strong>and</strong> Mullineaux, P. (1999). Elevated gluthatione biosynthetic capacity in the chloroplasts <strong>of</strong> the tobacco plants paradoxically causes increased oxidative stress. Plant Cell 11, 1277-1291. Curie, C., Panaviene, Z., Loulergue, C., Dellaporta, S.L., Briat, J.F. <strong>and</strong> Walker, E.L. (2001). Maize yellow stripe 1 encodes a membrane protein directly involved in Fe(III) uptake. Nature 409, 346-349. De Vos, R.C.H., Vonk, M.J., Voojis, R. <strong>and</strong> Schat, H. (1992). Gluthatione depletion due to copperinduced phytochelatin synthesis causes oxidative stress in Silene cucubalus. Plant Physiol. 98, 853-858. Delhaize, E., Kataoka, T., Hebb, D.M., White, R.G. <strong>and</strong> Ryan, P.R. (2003). Genes encoding proteins <strong>of</strong> the cation diffusion facilitator family that confer manganese tolerance. Plant Cell 15, 1131- 1142. Delhaize, E., Ryan, P.R. <strong>and</strong> R<strong>and</strong>all, P.J. (1993). Aluminum tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) II. Aluminum-stimulated excretion <strong>of</strong> malic acid from root apices. Plant Physiol. 103, 695- 702. Dixit, V., P<strong>and</strong>ey, V. <strong>and</strong> Shyam, R. (2001). Differential antioxidative responses to cadmium in roots <strong>and</strong> leaves <strong>of</strong> pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad). J. Exp. Bot. 52, 1101-1109. Domigues-Solis, J.R., Gutierrez-Alcala, G., Romero, L.C. <strong>and</strong> Gotor, C. (2001). The cytosolic O- acetylserine(thiol)lyase gene is regulated by heavy metals <strong>and</strong> can function in cadmium tolerance. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 9297-9302. Ebb, S., Lau, I., Ahner, B. <strong>and</strong> Kochian, L. (2002). Phytochelatin synthesis is not responsible for Cd tolerance in the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (J. & C. Presl). Planta 214, 635-640. Eide, D., Broderius, M., Fett, J., Guerinot, M.L. (1996). A novel iron-regulated metal transporter from plants identified by functional expression in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 5624- 5628. Ezaki. B., Katsuhara. M., Kawamura. M. <strong>and</strong> Matsumoto. H. (2001). Different mechanisms <strong>of</strong> four aluminum (Al)-resistant transgene for Al toxicity in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 127, 918-927. Garcia-Hern<strong>and</strong>ez. M., Murphy. A. <strong>and</strong> Taiz. L. (1998). Metallothioneins 1 <strong>and</strong> 2 have distinct but overlapping expression patterns in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 118, 387-397. Gisbert. C., Ros. R., de Haro. A., Walker. D.J., Bernal. M.P., Serrano. R. <strong>and</strong> Navarro-Aviñó. J. (2003). A plant genetically modified that accumulates Pb is especially promising for phytoremediation. Bioch. Biophys. Res. Com. 303, 440-445. Gong. J.M., Lee. D.A. <strong>and</strong> Schroeder. J.I. (2003). Long-distance root-to-shoot transport <strong>of</strong> phytochelatins <strong>and</strong> cadmium in Arabidopsis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10118-10123. Grill. E., Löffler. S., Winnacker. E-L. <strong>and</strong> Zenk. M.H. (1989). Phytochelatins, the heavy-metalbinding peptides <strong>of</strong> plants, are synthesized from glutathione by specific γ-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthase). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6838- 6842. Grill. E., Winnacker. E.L. <strong>and</strong> Zenk. M.H. (1985). Phytochelatins: the principal heavy-metal complexing peptides <strong>of</strong> higher plants. Science 230, 674-676. Grill E., Winnacker E.L. <strong>and</strong> Zenk M.H., (1986). Synthesis <strong>of</strong> seven different homologous phytochelatins in metal-exposed Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells. FEBS Lett. 197, 115-120. Gross. J., Stein. R.J., Fett-Neto. A.G. <strong>and</strong> Fett. J.P. (2003). Iron homeostasis related genes in rice. Gen. Mol. Biol. 26, 477-497. Grotz. N., Fox. T., Connolly. E., Park. W., Guerinot. M.L. <strong>and</strong> Eide. D. (1998). Identification <strong>of</strong>
248 K. Gasic <strong>and</strong> S.S. Korban family <strong>of</strong> zinc transporter genes from Arabidopsis that respond to zinc deficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7220-7224. Grotz. N. <strong>and</strong> Guerinot. M.L. (2002). Limiting nutrients: an old problem with new solutions? Curr. Opin Pant Biol. 5, 158-63. Guerinot. M.L. (2000). The ZIP family <strong>of</strong> metal transporters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1465, 190- 198. Guo. W.J., Bundithya. W. <strong>and</strong> Goldsbrough. P.B. (2003). Characterization <strong>of</strong> the Arabidopsis metallothionein gene family: tissue-specific expression <strong>and</strong> induction during senescence <strong>and</strong> in response to copper. New Phytol. 159, 369-381. Hall, J.L., Williams, L.E. (2003). Transition metal transporters in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 54, 2601- 2613. Halloran, T.V. <strong>and</strong> Cullota, V.C. (2000). Metallochaperones, an intracellular shuttle service for metal ions. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 25057-25060. Hamer, D.H., Thiele, D.J. <strong>and</strong> Lemontt, J.E. (1985). Function <strong>and</strong> autoregulation <strong>of</strong> yeast copperthionein. Science 228, 685-690. Hartley-Whitaker, J., Ainsworth, G. <strong>and</strong> Mehrang, A.A. (2001a). Copper- <strong>and</strong> arsenate-induced oxidative stress in Holcus lanatus L. clones with differential sensitivity. Plant Cell Env. 24, 713-722. Hartley-Whitaker, J., Ainsworth, G., Voojis, R., Ten Bookum, W., Schat, H. <strong>and</strong> Mehrang, A. (2001b). Phytochleatins are involved in differential arsenate tolerance in Holcus lanatus. Plant Physiol. 126, 299-306. Hasegawa, I., Terada, E., Sunairi, M., Wakita, H., Shinmachi, F., Noguchi, A., Nakajima, M. <strong>and</strong> Yakazi, J. (1997). Genetic improvement <strong>of</strong> heavy metal tolerance in plants by transfer <strong>of</strong> the yeast metallothionein gene (CUP1). Plant Soil 196, 277-281. Heaton, A.C.P., Rugh, C.L., Wang, N-J. <strong>and</strong> Meagher, R.B. (19980. Phytoremediation <strong>of</strong> mercury<strong>and</strong> methylmercury-polluted soils using genetically engineered plants. J. Soil Contam. 7, 497- 509. Heiss, S., Wachter, A., Bogs, J., Cobbett, C. <strong>and</strong> Rausch, T. (2003). Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) protein is induced in Brassica juncea leaves after prolonged Cd exposure. J. Exp. Bot. 54, 1833- 1839. Himelblau, E. <strong>and</strong> Amasino, R.M. (2000). Delivering copper within plant cell. Plant Biol. 3, 205- 210. Himelblau, E., Mira, H., Lin, S.J., Culotta, V.C., Penarrubia, L. <strong>and</strong> Amasino, R.M. (1998). Identification <strong>of</strong> a functional homolog <strong>of</strong> the yeast copper homeostasis gene ATX1 from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 117, 1227-1234. Hirayama, T., Kieber, J.J., Hirayama, N., Kogan, M., Guzman, P., Nourizadeh, S., Alonso, J.M., Dailey W.P., Dancis A. <strong>and</strong> Ecker J.R. (1999). Responsive to antagonist 1, a Menkes/Wilson disease-related copper transporter, is required for ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Cell 97, 383-393. Hirsch, K.D., Korenkov, V.D., Wilganowski, N.L. <strong>and</strong> Wagner, G.J. (2000). Expression <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis CAX2 in tobacco. Altered metal accumulation <strong>and</strong> increased manganese tolerance. Plant Physiol. 124, 125-134. Howden, R., Andersen, C.R., Goldsbrough, P.B. <strong>and</strong> Cobbett, C.S. (1995a). A cadmium sensitive, gluthatione-deficient mutant <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 107, 1067-1073. Howden, R., Goldsbrough, P.B., Andersen, C.R. <strong>and</strong> Cobbett, C.S. (1995b). Cadmium-sensitive, cad1 mutants <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis thaliana are phytochelatin deficient. Plant Physiol. 107, 1059-1066. Hussain, D., Haydon, M.J., Wang, Y., Wong, E., Sherson, S.M., Young, J., Camakaris, J., Harper, J.F., <strong>and</strong> Cobbett, C.S. (2004). P-Type ATPase heavy metal transporters with roles in essential zinc homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16, 1327-1339. Inoue, H., Higuchi, K., Takahashi, M., Nakanishi, H., Mori, S. <strong>and</strong> Nishizawa, N.K. (2003). Three rice nicotianamine synthase genes, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, <strong>and</strong> OsNAS3 are expressed in cells involved in long-distance transport <strong>of</strong> iron <strong>and</strong> differentially regulated by iron. Plant J. 36, 366-381.
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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18 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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20 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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22 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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24 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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26 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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28 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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30 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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32 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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34 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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36 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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38 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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104 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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106 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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108 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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110 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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112 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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114 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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116 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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118 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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120 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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122 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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124 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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126 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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128 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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160 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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162 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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164 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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166 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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168 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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170 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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172 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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174 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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176 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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178 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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180 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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182 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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184 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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186 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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304 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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306 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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308 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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310 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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312 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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314 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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316 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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318 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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322 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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324 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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326 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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328 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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330 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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332 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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334 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,