32 A. Yokota, K. Takahara <strong>and</strong> K. Akashi 6. REFERENCES Abe, H., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Urao, T., Iwasaki, T., Hosokawa, D. <strong>and</strong> Shinozaki, K. (1997) Role <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis MYC <strong>and</strong> MYB homologs in drought- <strong>and</strong> abscisic acid-regulated gene expression. Plant Cell 9, 1859-1868. Akashi, K., Miyake, C. <strong>and</strong> Yokota, A. (2001) Citrulline, a novel compatible solute in droughttolerant wild watermelon leaves, is an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger. FEBS Lett. 508, 438- 442. Akashi, K., Nishimura, N., Ishida, Y., <strong>and</strong> Yokota, A. (2004) Potent hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity <strong>of</strong> drought-induced type-2 metallothionein in wild watermelon. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 323, 72-78. Allen, G. J., Kuchitsu, K., Chu, S. P., Murata, Y. <strong>and</strong> Schroeder, J. I. (1999) Arabidopsis abi1-1 <strong>and</strong> abi2-1 phosphatase mutations reduce abscisic acid-induced cytoplasmic calcium rises in guard cells. Plant Cell 11, 1785-1798. Asada, K. (1999) The water-water cycle in chloroplasts, Scavenging <strong>of</strong> active oxygens <strong>and</strong> dissipation <strong>of</strong> excess photons. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 601-639. Assmann, S. M., Snyder, J. A. <strong>and</strong> Lee, Y.-R. J. (2000) ABA-deficient (aba1) <strong>and</strong> ABA-insensitive (abi1-1, abi2-1) mutants <strong>of</strong> Arabidopsis have a wild-type stomatal reponse to humidity. Plant Cell Environ. 23, 387-395. Ben-Amotz, A. <strong>and</strong> Avron, M. (1979) Osmoregulation in the halophilic algae Dunaliella <strong>and</strong> Asteromonas. Basic Life Sci. 14, 91-99. Biehler, K. <strong>and</strong> Fock, H. (1996) Evidence for the contribution <strong>of</strong> the Mehler-peroxidase reaction in dissipating excess electrons in drought-stressed wheat. Plant Physiol. 112, 265-272. Bourot, S., Sire, O., Trautwetter, A., Touze, T., Wu, L. F., Blanco, C. <strong>and</strong> Bernard, T. (2000) Glycine betaine-assisted protein folding in a lysA mutant <strong>of</strong> Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 1050- 1056. Boyer, J. S. (1982) Plant productivity <strong>and</strong> environment. Science 218, 443-448. Blatt, M. R. (2000) Ca 2+ signaling <strong>and</strong> control <strong>of</strong> guard-cell volume in stomatal movements. Curr Opin. Plant Biol. 3, 196-204. Bray, E. A. (1997) Plant responses to water deficit. Trends Plant Sci. 2, 48-54. Bray, E. A. (2002) Abscisic acid regulation <strong>of</strong> gene expression during water-deficit stress in the era <strong>of</strong> the Arabidopsis genome. Plant Cell Environ. 25, 153-161. Brouquisse, R., Weigel, P., Rhodes, D., Yocum, C. F. <strong>and</strong> Hanson, A. D. (1989) Evidence for a ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygemase from spinach chloroplast stroma. Plant Physiol. 90, 322-329. Burnet, M., Lafontaine, P. J., <strong>and</strong> Hanson, A. D. (1995) Assay, purification, <strong>and</strong> partial characterization <strong>of</strong> choline monooxygenase from spinach. Plant Physiol. 108, 581-588. Chen, T. H. <strong>and</strong> Murata, N. (2002) Enhancement <strong>of</strong> tolerance <strong>of</strong> abiotic stress by metabolic engineering <strong>of</strong> betaines <strong>and</strong> other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5, 250-257 Choi, H., Hong, J. H., Ha, J., Kang, J. Y., <strong>and</strong> Kim, S. Y. (2000) ABFs, a family <strong>of</strong> ABA-responsive element binding factors. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 1723-1730. Cornic, G., Bukhov, N. G., Wiese, C., Blibny, R. <strong>and</strong> Heber, U. (2000) Flexible coupling between light dependent electron <strong>and</strong> vectorial proton transport in illuminated leaves <strong>of</strong> C 3 plants. Role <strong>of</strong> photosystem I-dependent proton pumping. Planta 210, 468-477. Cornic, G. <strong>and</strong> Fresneau, C. (2002) Photosynthetic carbon reduction <strong>and</strong> carbon oxidation cycles are the main electron sinks for photosystem II activity during a mild drought. Ann. Bot. 89, 887-894. Coursol, S., Fan, L. M., Le Stunff, H., Spiegel, S., Gilroy, S., <strong>and</strong> Assmann, S. M. (2003) Sphingolipid signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells involves heterotrimeric G proteins. Nature 423, 651-654. Cramer, W. A., Zhang, H., Yan, J., Kurisu, G. <strong>and</strong> Smith, J. L. (2004) Evolution <strong>of</strong> photosynthesis, Time-independent structure <strong>of</strong> the cytochrome b 6 f complex. Biochemistry 43, 5921-5929. Davies, W. J., Tardieu, F., <strong>and</strong> Trejo, C. L. (1994) How do chemical signals work in plants that grow in drying soil? Plant Physiol. 104, 309-314. Delauney, A. J. <strong>and</strong> Verma, D. P. S. (1993) Proline biosynthesis <strong>and</strong> osmoregulation in plants. Plant
Water <strong>Stress</strong> 33 J. 4, 215-223. Deuschle, K., Funck, D., Hellmann, H., Daeschner, K., Binder, S. <strong>and</strong> Frommer, W. B. (2001) A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial Ä1-pyrroline-5-carboxylase dehydrogenase <strong>and</strong> its potential role in protection from proline toxicity. Plant J. 27, 345-356. Dietz, K.-J. (2003) Plant peroxiredoxins. Annu. Rev Plant Biol. 54, 93-107. Dietz, K.-J., Sauter, A., Wichert, K., Messdaghi, D., <strong>and</strong> Hartung, W. (2000) Extracellular β-glucosidase activity in barley involved in the hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> ABA glucose conjugate in leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 51, 937-944. Doubuzet, J., Sakuma, Y., Kasuga, M., Doubouzet, E., Miura, S., Seki, M., Shinozaki, K. <strong>and</strong> Yamaguchi- Shinozaki, K. (2003) OsDREB genes in rice, Oryza sativa L., encode transcription factors that function in drought-, high salt- <strong>and</strong> cold responsive gene expression. Plant J. 33, 751-763. Drennan, P. M., Snith, M. T., Goldsworthy, D. <strong>and</strong> van Staden, J. (1993) The occurrence <strong>of</strong> trehalose in the leaves <strong>of</strong> the desiccation-tolerant angiosperm Myrothamnus flabellifolius. J. Plant Physiol. 142, 494-498. Eapen, D., Barroso, M. L., Ponce, G., Campos, M. E. <strong>and</strong> Cassab, G. I. (2005) Hydrotropism, root growth responses to water. Trends. Plant Sci. 10, 44-50. Elias, P. (1995) Stomatal density <strong>and</strong> size <strong>of</strong> apple trees growing an irrigated <strong>and</strong> nonirrigated conditions. Biologia, 50, 115-118. Fan, L. M., Zhao, Z. <strong>and</strong> Assmann, S. M. (2004) Guard cells, a dynamic signaling model. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7, 537-546. Flexas, J. <strong>and</strong> Medrano, H. (2002) Drought-inhibition <strong>of</strong> photosynthesis in C 3 plants, stromal <strong>and</strong> non-stromal limitations revisited. Ann. Bot. 89, 183-189. Ford, C. W. (1984) Accumulation <strong>of</strong> low molecular weight solutes in water stress tropical legumes. Phytochem 23, 1007-1015. Fridly<strong>and</strong>, L. E., Backhausen, J. E. <strong>and</strong> Scheibe, R. (1998) Flux control <strong>of</strong> the malate valve in leaf cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 349, 290-298. Furini, A., Koncz, C., Salamini, F. <strong>and</strong> Bartels, D. (1997) High level transcription <strong>of</strong> a member <strong>of</strong> repeated gene family confers dehydration tolerance to callus tissue <strong>of</strong> Craterostigma plantagineum. EMBO J. 16, 3599-3608. Gao, Z. <strong>and</strong> Loescher, W. H. (2000) NADPH supply <strong>and</strong> mannitol biosynthesis. Characterization, cloning, <strong>and</strong> regulation <strong>of</strong> the non-reversible glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in celery leaves. Plant Physiol. 124, 321-330. Garcia-Mata, C. <strong>and</strong> Lamattina, L. (2002) Nitric oxide <strong>and</strong> abscisic acid cross talk in guard cells. Plant Physiol. 128, 790-792. Garcia-Mata, C., Gay, R., Sokolovski, S., Hills, A., Lamattina, L. <strong>and</strong> Blatt, M. R. (2003) Nitric oxide regulates K + <strong>and</strong> Cl - channels in guard cells through a subset <strong>of</strong> abscisic acid-evoked signaling pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 11116-11121. Garg, A. K., Kim, J. K., Owens, T. G., Ranwala, A. P., Choi, Y. D., Kochian, L. V. <strong>and</strong> Wu, R. J. (2002) Trehalose accumulation in rice plants confers high tolerance levels to different abiotic stresses. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 15898-15903. Garwe, D., Thomson, J. A. <strong>and</strong> Mundree, S. G. (2003) <strong>Molecular</strong> characterization <strong>of</strong> XVSAP1, a stress-responsive gene from the resurrection plant Xerophyta viscose Baker. J. Exp. Bot. 54, 191- 201. Golding, A. <strong>and</strong> Johnson, G. N. (2003) Down-regulation <strong>of</strong> linear <strong>and</strong> activation <strong>of</strong> cyclic electron transport during drought. Planta. 218, 107-114. Golding, A., Finazzi, G. <strong>and</strong> Johnson, G. N. (2004) Reduction <strong>of</strong> the thylakoid electron transport chain by stromal reductants – evidence for activation <strong>of</strong> cyclic electron transport upon dark adaptation or under drought. Planta. 220, 356-363. Guo, F. Q., Okamoto, M. <strong>and</strong> Crawford, N. M. (2003) Identification <strong>of</strong> a plant nitric oxide synthase gene involved in hormonal signaling. Science. 302, 100-103. Hare, P. D., Cress, W. A. <strong>and</strong> Staden, J. V. (1998) Dissecting the roles <strong>of</strong> osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant Cell Environ. 21, 535-553 Hare, P. D., Cress, W. A. <strong>and</strong> Staden, J. V. (1999) Proline synthesis <strong>and</strong> degradation, a model system
- Page 2 and 3: PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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104 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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106 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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108 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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112 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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118 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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120 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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124 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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126 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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128 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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160 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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162 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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164 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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182 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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184 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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186 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
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200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
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202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
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204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
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206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
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208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
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210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
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212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
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214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
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216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
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219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
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Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
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Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
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Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
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Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
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Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
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Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
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Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
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Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
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Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
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Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
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Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
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Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
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Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
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255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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304 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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306 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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308 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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310 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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312 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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314 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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316 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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318 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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322 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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324 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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326 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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328 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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330 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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332 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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334 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,