Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase releases membrane linolenic acid, the precursor to oxylipins and JA (Bergey et al., 1996). The combination of oxylipins, JA and ethylene act synergistically to induce the expression of stress associated genes (O’Donnell et al., 2003). Abiotic stress results in a JA mediated induction of wound related genes and the synthesis of proteinase inhibitors (Conconi et al., 1996), which are also activated by water deficit, salinity and ABA (Chao et al., 1999). Salicylic acid (SA), which plays a key role in plant disease resistance and hypersensitive cell death, is involved in acclimation to abiotic stresses. Exogenous SA increased abiotic stress tolerance by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bean and tomato (Ding et al., 2002), as well as increasing cold tolerance in wheat (Gusta unpublished results). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes code for glutathione, which is involved in the binding and transport of hormones and in the reduction of ROS (Edwards et al., 2000). It is interesting to note that the GST genes are also activated by auxins and JA (Chen and Singh, 1999). Glutathione, acting as a ROS scavenger, has long been implicated in freezing injury (McKersie and Bowley, 1996). McKersie et al., (1996) were among the first to propose death of winter annuals was caused by the formation of ROS during prolonged periods of freeze-induced dehydration. Thus, hormones comprise a very complex network of signalling molecules at the cellular level. This has led to the suggestion that phytohormone responses cannot be reduced to simple linear pathways that connect inputs and outputs but are more probably by interactive networks (Moller and Chuaa, 1999, Gazzarrini and McCourt, 2003). To date, a complete analysis of phytohormonal involvement in cold acclimation has not been performed. Recently, a highly sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous profiling and quantification of a wide variety of plant hormone groups and their metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) has been developed (Chiwocha et al., 2003). Each compound is analyzed in its native state without the need for derivatization. High temperatures are not required since the compounds are separated by HPLC and the plant hormones and metabolites are analyzed using either positive or negative ion electrospray in a single LC-MS/MS run. To date, over 20 compounds with hormonal activity can be analyzed and quantified simultaneously. 7. REFERENCES Abeles F.B. (1966). Auxin stimulation of ethylene production. Plant Physiol. 41, 585-588. Andrews C.J. and Pomeroy, M.K. (1978). The effect of anaerobic metabolites on survival and ultrastructure of winter wheat in relation to ice encasement. Plant Physiol. 61, (suppl 17). Arroyo A., Bossi, F., Finkelstein R.R. and León. P. (2003). Three genes that affect sugar sensing (abscisic acid insensitive 4, abscisic acid insensitive 5 and constitute triple response 1) are differentially regulated by glucan in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 133, 231-242. Atanassova, R., Leterrier, M., Gaillard, C., Agasse, A., Sagot, E., Coutos-Théand P. and Delrot, S. (2003). Sugar-regulated expression of a putative hexose transport gene in grape. Plant Physiol. 131, 326-334. Bae, M.S., Cho, E.J., Choi E.Y. and Park, O.K. (2003). Analysis of the Arabidopsis nuclear proteome
148 R.G. Trischuk, B.S. Schilling, M. Wisniewski and L.V. Gusta and its response to cold stress. Plant J. 36, 652-663. Barnett, T., Altschuler, M., McDaniel C.N. and Mascarenhas, J.P. (1980). Heat shock induced proteins in plant cells. Dev. Genet. 1, 331-40. Bergey D.R., Howe, G. A. and Ryan, C.A. (1996). Polypeptide signaling for plant defensive genes exhibits analogies to defense signaling in animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12053-12058. Bergey, D.R. and Ryan, C.A. (1999). Wound and systemin-inducible calmodulin gene expression in leaves. Plant Mol. Biol. 40, 815-823. Blackstock, W. and Mann, M. (eds). (2000). Proteomics: A Trends Guide. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Brown, G. M. and Bixby, J.A. (1975). Soluble and insoluble protein patterns during induction of freezing tolerance in black locust seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 34, 187-91. Brown, P.O. and Botstein, D. (1999). Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. Nature Genet 21, 33-37. Brugiere N., Jiao, S., Hantke, S., Zinselmeier, C., Roessler, J.A., Niu, X., Jones, R.J. and Habben, J.E. (2003). Cytokinin oxidase gene expression in maize is localized to the vasculature and is induced by cytokinins, abscisic acid and abiotic stress. Plant Physiol. 132, 1228-1240. Cabir B., Agasse, A., Gaillard, C., Sawmonneau, A., Behot, S. and Atanassova, R. (2003). The Plant Cel 115, 2165-2180. Chao W.S., Gu, Y-Q., Pantot, V., Bray, E.A. and Walling, L.L. (1999). Leucine aminopeptidase RNAs, protein and activities increase in response to water deficit, salinity and the wound signals system in, methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 120, 979-992. Chen, H. H. and Li, P.H. (1980). Biochemical changes in tuber-bearing Solanum species in relation to frost hardiness during cold acclimation. Plant Physiol. 71, 362-65. Chen, T. H-H. and Gusta, L.V. (1983). Abscisic acid induced freezing resistance in cultural plant cells. Plant Physiol. 73, 71-75. Chen, T. H-H., Gusta, L.V. and Fowler, D.B. (1983). Freezing injury and root development in winter cereals. Plant Physiol. 73, 773-777. Chen, W. and Singh, K.B. (1999) The auxin, hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid induced expression of the Arabidopsis GST6 promoter is mediated in part by an ocs element. Plant J. 19, 667-677. Chiwocha, S.D.S., Abrams, S.R., Ambrose, S.J., Culter, A.J., Loewen, M., Ross, A.R.S. and Kermode, A.R. (2003). A method for profiling classes of plant hormones and their metabolites using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionizatrion tandem mass spectrometry: an analysis of hormone regulation of thermodormancy of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds. Plant J. 35, 405-417. Chrispeels, M.J. and Varner, J.E. (1966). Inhibition of gibberellic acid induced formation of α- amylase by abscisic II. Nature 212, 1066-1067. Close, T.J. (1997). Dehydrins: A commonality in the response of plants to dehydration and low temperature. Physiol. Plant. 100, 291-296. Coenen, C., Christian, M., Luthen, H. and Lomax, T.L. (2003). Cytokinins inhibits a subset of diageotropica-dependent primary auxin responses in tomato. Plant Physiol. 131, 1692-1704. Coleman, E. A., Bula, R.J. and Davis, R.L. (1966). Electrophoretic and immunological comparisons of soluble root proteins of Medicago sativa L. Genotypes in the cold hardened and nonhardened condition. Plant Physiol. 41, 1681-85. Conconi, A. Smerdon, M.J., Howe, G.A. and Ryan, C.A. (1996). The octadecanoid signaling pathway in plants mediates a response to ultraviolet radiation. Nature, 383, 826-829. Cooper, P. and Ort, D.R. (1988). Changes in protein synthesis induced in tomato by chilling. Plant Physiol. 88, 454-61. Coruzzi, C.M. and Zhou, L. (2001). Carbon and nitrogen sensing and signaling in plants. Emerging ‘matrix’ effects. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4, 247-253. Craker, L. E., Gusta, L.V. and Weiser, C.J. (1969). Soluble proteins and cold hardiness of two woody species. Can. J. Plant Sci. 49, 279-86. Crowe, J.H., Crowe, L.M. and Chapman, D. (1984). Preservation of membranes in anhydrobiotic organisms: the role of trehalose. Science 223, 701-703. Danyluk, J., Perron, A., Houde, M., Limin, A., Fowler, B., Benhamou, N. and Sarhan, F. (1998).
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Page 112 and 113: 102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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Page 154 and 155: Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Page 162 and 163: Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
Page 164 and 165: Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
Page 166 and 167: 158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
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200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
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202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
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204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
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206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
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208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
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210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
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212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
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214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
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216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
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219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
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Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
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Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
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Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
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Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
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Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
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Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
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Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
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Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
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Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
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Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
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Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
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Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
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Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
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255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
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Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
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302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
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