Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Metabolic Engineering for Stress Tolerance 271 Table 4. Examples for metabolic engineering for providing tolerance against heavy metal stress Metals Transgenic plant Gene engineered Source of gene References Cadmium Tobacco, Metallothionein Mus musculus Pan et. al., 1994 Mercury Arabidopsis Mercury Escherichia Rugh et. al., reductase (merA) coli 1996 Aluminum Tobacco Citrate synthase Pseudomonas de la Fuente aeruginosa et. al., 1997 Cadmium B. oleracea Metallothionein Sacchromyces Hasegawa et. cerevisiae al., 1997 Mercury Liriodendron Modified merA E. coli Rugh et. al., tulipifera 1998 Cadmium Tobacco Metallothionein Nicotiana Suh et. al., 1998 glutinosa Lead, Tobacco Cation channel N. tabacum Arazi et. al., Nickel (NtCBP4) 1999 Mercury Arabidopsis MerB E. coli Bizily et. al., 1999 Selenium B. juncea ATP sulfurylase Arabidopsis Pilon-Smits et. (APS1) al., 1999 Zinc Arabidopsis Zn transporter A. thaliana Van der Zaal ZAT1 et. al., 1999 Cadmium Brassica juncea Glutathione E. coli Zu et al., synthetase 1999a,b Cadmium Tobacco Cysteine Rice Harada et. al., synthase gene 2001 3.2.3. Glutathione and Phytochelatins The tripeptide glutathione is the most common thiol. It is a striking target for engineering stress tolerance in plants (Kunert and Foyer, 1993). Primarily, heavy metal sequestration by plants involves the formation of complexes with cysteine- rich peptides – glutathione derivatives called phytochelatins (PCs) (Figure 5). Cadmium forms a com- plex with phytochelatins in the cytosol and transported to the vacuole (Rauser, 1995)
272 B. Rathinasabapathi and R. Kaur and this is responsible for depletion of glutathione (Klapheck et. al., 1995; Schneider and Bergmann, 1995). Elevated γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) activity was shown to correlate with Cd resistance (Chen and Goldsborough, 1994). Poplar transformants overexpressing bacterial γ-ECS in the cytosol synthesized higher levels of glutathione (2-fold) even when exposed to different Cd concentrations (0–1000 µg g -1 soil) for 14 d (Arisi et. al., 2000). In B. juncea transformed with E. coli gsh1 gene, encoding a γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the chloroplast, there was a three-fold increase in glutathione levels in comparison to non-transgenic control plants (Zhu et. al., 1999a). Also, expression of an Escherichia coli glutathione synthase gene (gsh2) in B. juncea resulted in a five-fold increase in root concentrations of glutathione, but only following exposure to cadmium (Zhu et. al., 1999b). A bacterial glutathione reductase (cp GR) expressed in B. juncea targeted to plastids exhibited 50 times higher activity of glutathione reductase and enhanced Cd tolerance than wild plants (Pilon-Smits et. al., 2000). The overexpression of a tobacco glutathione-S-transferase gene (parB) in Arabidopsis was reported to enhance Cu, Al, and Na tolerance (Ezaki et. al., 2000). Overexpression of enzymes γ-glutamylcysteine synthase (γ-ECS), glutathione synthetase (GS) and phytochelatin synthetase (PCS) in Arabidopsis significantly improved tolerance to As and Hg (Dhankher et. al., 2002). Harada et. al., (2001) also created transgenic plants with enhanced phytochelatin levels, through overexpression of cysteine synthase. The resulting transgenics demonstrated increased Cd tolerance, but lower Cd accumulation. The transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing cysteine synthase in the cytosol and chloroplasts, exhibited significantly more tolerance towards heavy metals such as Cd, Se and Ni (Kawashima et. al., 2004). Dhankher et. al., (2003) found that overexpression of bacterial arsenate reductase gene (arsC ) provided Cd (II) resistance in tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. 3.2.4. Metallothioneins Low molecular weight cysteine rich proteins called metallothioneins (MT) are synthesized in the cells in response to toxic heavy metals and help stabilize the concentration of the heavy metals in the cells (Hamer, 1985; Steffens, 1990). Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a metallothionein gene were able to grow in concentrations of up to 200 ìM CdSO4 (Liu et. al., 2000). Transformants of B. oleracea expressing the yeast metallothionein gene CUP1 tolerated 400 ìM Cd, whereas wild-type plants were unable to grow at concentrations above 25 ìM cadmium in a hydroponic medium (Hasegawa et. al., 1997). 3.2.5. Cation Diffusion Facilitators Recently, a family of cation efflux transporters was discovered known as cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) proteins or metal tolerance proteins (MTP) that might play a vital
Page 2 and 3:
PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
Page 4 and 5:
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
Page 6 and 7:
About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
Page 8 and 9:
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
Page 10 and 11:
List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
Page 12 and 13:
PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
Page 14 and 15:
2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
Page 16 and 17:
4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
Page 18 and 19:
6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
Page 20 and 21:
8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
Page 22 and 23:
10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
Page 24 and 25:
12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
Page 26 and 27:
14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
Page 28 and 29:
16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
Page 54 and 55:
Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
Page 56 and 57:
Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
Page 58 and 59:
Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
Page 60 and 61:
Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
Page 62 and 63:
Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
Page 64 and 65:
Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
Page 66 and 67:
Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
Page 68 and 69:
Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
Page 70 and 71:
Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
Page 72 and 73:
Salt Stress 61 A significant number
Page 74 and 75:
Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
Page 76 and 77:
Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
Page 78 and 79:
Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
Page 80 and 81:
Salt Stress 69 together with the At
Page 82 and 83:
Salt Stress 71 important role in si
Page 84 and 85:
Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
Page 86 and 87:
Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
Page 88 and 89:
Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
Page 90 and 91:
Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
Page 92 and 93:
Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
Page 94 and 95:
Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
Page 96 and 97:
Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
Page 98 and 99:
Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
Page 100 and 101:
Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
Page 102 and 103:
Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
Page 104 and 105:
Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
Page 106 and 107:
Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
Page 108 and 109:
Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
Page 110 and 111:
Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
Page 112 and 113:
102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
Page 142 and 143:
Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
Page 144 and 145:
Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
Page 146 and 147:
Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
Page 148 and 149:
Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
Page 150 and 151:
Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
Page 152 and 153:
Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
Page 154 and 155:
Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
Page 156 and 157:
Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
Page 158 and 159:
Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
Page 160 and 161:
Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
Page 162 and 163:
Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
Page 164 and 165:
Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
Page 166 and 167:
158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
Page 198 and 199:
190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
Page 200 and 201:
192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
Page 202 and 203:
194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
Page 204 and 205:
196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
Page 206 and 207:
198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
Page 208 and 209:
200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
Page 210 and 211:
202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
Page 212 and 213:
204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
Page 214 and 215:
206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
Page 216 and 217:
208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
Page 218 and 219:
210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
Page 220 and 221:
212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
Page 222 and 223:
214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
Page 224 and 225:
216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
Page 226 and 227:
219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
Page 228 and 229: Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
Page 230 and 231: Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
Page 232 and 233: Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
Page 234 and 235: Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
Page 236 and 237: Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
Page 238 and 239: Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
Page 240 and 241: Heavy Metal Stress 233 notype. Incr
Page 242 and 243: Table 1. Proposed specificity and l
Page 244 and 245: Heavy Metal Stress 237 4.2. Chapero
Page 246 and 247: Heavy Metal Stress 239 of prokaryot
Page 248 and 249: Heavy Metal Stress 241 5. HYPERACCU
Page 250 and 251: Table 2. Genes introduced into plan
Page 252 and 253: Heavy Metal Stress 245 7. CONCLUSIO
Page 254 and 255: Heavy Metal Stress 247 controlled b
Page 256 and 257: Heavy Metal Stress 249 Kägi, J.H.R
Page 258 and 259: Heavy Metal Stress 251 Murphy, A.,
Page 260 and 261: Heavy Metal Stress 253 through xyle
Page 262 and 263: 255 CHAPTER 9 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
Page 264 and 265: Metabolic Engineering for Stress To
Page 308 and 309: 302 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
Page 326 and 327: Table 3. Continued... Source Resour
Page 328 and 329:
322 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
Page 344 and 345:
338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
Page 346 and 347:
340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
Page 348 and 349:
342 Index Processes less sensitive
Page 350 and 351:
344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
show all

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?