Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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Metabolic Engineering for Stress Tolerance 283 advantage of this technique is that only one regulatory gene needs to be overexpressed and the stress tolerance however, is due to the induction of many genes (Zhang et. al., 2004). There are three transcriptional activator CBF/DREB1 (C-repeat binding factor or dehydration responsive element binding) genes in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of a cDNA for cis-acting promoter element DREB1A in transgenic plants improved tolerance of plants to drought, salt loading, and freezing (Kasuga et al., 1999). When CBF1 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis it induced the expression of cold-regulated genes (COR) and increased freezing tolerance (Jaglo-Ottosen et. al., 1998; Stockinger et. al., 1997). Similarly, plants over-expressing CBF3, which shows constitutive accumulation of COR15am and COR6.6 proteins, and increased accumulation of proline and sucrose, develop greater freezing tolerance than wild-type after 7–14 d in the cold (Gilmour et al., 2000; Jaglo-Ottosen et. al., 1998; Kasuga et. al., 1999; Liu et. al., 1998). CBF4, a gene coding for a protein homologous to CBF/DREB1, when overexpressed in transgenic plants resulted in the expression of cold- and drought-induced genes under non-stress conditions, and improved the plants’ tolerance to drought and freezing (Haake et. al., 2002). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with high inducible levels of transcription factor AtMYB2, which is critical for the expression of ADH (alcohol dehyrogenase) gene showed higher drought resistance (Dolferus et. al., 2003). Alfin1 cDNA from alfalfa encodes a novel member of the zinc-finger family of proteins and is modulated by sodium chloride. Transgenic overexpression of Alfin1 in alfalfa enhanced the salinity tolerance (Winicov and Bastola, 1999). Overexpression of a zinc finger protein (SCOF- 1) responsible for induction of COR gene expression resulted in enhanced low temperature tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco (Kim et al., 2002) Arabidopsis plants with transformed transcriptional activator gene (AB13) exhibited higher freezing tolerance due to enhancement of ABA-induced expression of genes for cold acclimation (Tamminen et. al., 2001). Vannini et al. (2004) demonstrated that transient expression of Osmyb4 gene from rice in Arabidopsis transactivates PAL2, ScD9 SAD and COR15a cold inducible promoters. Myb4-overexpressing plants showed a significant increase in cold and freezing tolerance. Overexpression of heat stress transcription factor (HsfA1) in tomato plants displayed higher thermotolerance (Mishra et. al., 2002). Following initial studies in Arabidopsis, many more investigations have demonstrated the validity of regulon engineering to achieve increased stress tolerance in several crops (Kim et. al., 2001; Park et. al., 2001; Hsieh et. al., 2002a and 2002b; Owens et. al., 2002; Dubouzet et. al., 2003; Shou et al., 2004). 6. CONCLUSIONS Many stress tolerant mechanisms in plants have now been understood at least partially. Transgenic plants will continue to be used as important tools to dissect these mechanisms. As our understanding increases, further and new opportunities for metabolic engineering will emerge. We conclude that the following three avenues of re-
284 B. Rathinasabapathi and R. Kaur search are called for: 1. It should also be possible to improve plant stress tolerance by pyramiding several genes for different stress tolerance mechanisms in one transgenic crop. 2. Future studies are required to improve and evaluate crops engineered for stress tolerance for interacting stress factors; and 3. Studies are required to evaluate transgenic stress tolerance under field conditions. The discovery of novel genes, determination of their expression patterns in response to abiotic stress, and an improved understanding of their roles in stress adaptation obtained by the use of “omics’ technologies will provide the basis for metabolic engineering strategies leading to novel crop cultivars. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This is Florida Agricultural Experiment Station journal series no. R-10467. 8. REFERENCES Abebe, T., Guenzi, A.C., Martin, B. and Cushman, J.C. (2003). Tolerance of mannitol-accumulating trangenic wheat to water stress and salinity. Plant Physiol. 131,1748-1755. Agarwal, S. K., Agarwal, M. and Grover, A. (2003). Heat-tolerant basmati rice engineered by overexpression of hsp101. Plant Mol. Biol. 51, 677–686. Alia, H. H., Sakamoto, A. and Murata, N. (1998). Enhancement of the tolerance of Arabidopsis to high temperatures by genetic engineering of the synthesis of glycinebetaine. Plant J. 16, 155- 161. Allen, R.D., Well, R.P. and Schake, S.A. (1997). Use of transgenic plants to study antioxidant defenses. Free Radical Biol. Medicine 23, 473-479. Andrews, D.L., MacAlpine, D.M., Johnson, J.R., Kelley, P.M., Cobb, B.G. and Drew, M.C. (1994). Differential induction of mRNAs for the glycolytic and ethanolic fermatiative pathways by hypoxia and anoxia in maize seedlings. Plant Physiol. 106, 1575-1582. Apse, M.P., Aharon, G.S., Snedden, W.A. and Blumwald, E. (1999). Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of a vacuolar Na + /H + antiport in Arabidopsis. Science 285, 1256-1258. Arazi, T., Sunkar, R., Kaplan, B. and Fromm. H. (1999). A tobacco plasma membrane calmodulin binding transporter confers Ni 2+ tolerance and Pb 2+ hypersensitivity in transgenic plants. Plant J. 20, 171-182. Arisi, A.-C. M., Mocquotb, B., Lagriffoulb, A., Menchb, M., Foyerc, C. H. and Jouanina, L. (2000). Responses to cadmium in leaves of transformed poplars overexpressing gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Physiol. Plant. 109, 143-149. Artus, N.N., Uemura, M., Steponkus, P.L., Gilmour, S.J., Lin, C. and Thomashow, M.F. (1996). Constitutive expression of the cold-regulated Arabidopsis thaliana COR15a gene affects both chloroplast and protoplast freezing tolerance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93,13404-13409. Bailey, J.E. (1991). Toward a science of metabolic engineering. Science 252, 1668-1674. Bartels, D. (2001). Targeting detoxification pathways, an efficient approach to obtain plants with multiple stress tolerance. Trends Plant. Sci. 6, 284–286. Bizily, S.P., Rugh, C.L., Summers, A.O. and Meagher, R.B. (1999). Phytoremediation of methylmercury pollution: merB expression in Arabidopsis thaliana confers resistance to organomercurials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 96, 6808–6813. Blaudez, D., Kohler, A., Martin, F., Sanders, D. and M. Chalot. (2003). Poplar metal tolerance protein 1 confers zinc tolerance and is an oligomeric vacuolar zinc transporter with an essential
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PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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About the Editors K.V. Madhava Rao
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS K. AKASHI Grad
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List of Contributors xiii NAVINDER
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PREFACE Increasing agricultural pro
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2 K.V. Madhava Rao Abiotic stresses
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4 K.V. Madhava Rao SOME O THE PROMI
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6 K.V. Madhava Rao 2. WATER STRESS
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8 K.V. Madhava Rao 5. FREEZING STRE
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10 K.V. Madhava Rao of these pathwa
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12 K.V. Madhava Rao Bray, E.A. (199
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14 K.V. Madhava Rao Rao, K.V. Madha
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16 A. Yokota, K. Takahara and K. Ak
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41 CHAPTER 3 SALT STRESS ZORA DAJIC
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Salt Stress 43 activities (mainly i
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Salt Stress 45 In summary, mechanis
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Salt Stress 47 tolerance research i
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Salt Stress 49 need to rely on sodi
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Salt Stress 51 (Echeverria, 2000).
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Salt Stress 53 Therefore, the capac
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Salt Stress 55 Reduced plant growth
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Salt Stress 57 Table 3. Salt tolera
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Salt Stress 59 6.2. Nitrogen Fixati
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Salt Stress 61 A significant number
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Salt Stress 63 macromolecules, irre
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Salt Stress 65 8.2. Ion Homeostasis
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Salt Stress 67 1997), is speculated
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Salt Stress 69 together with the At
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Salt Stress 71 important role in si
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Salt Stress 73 Figure 5. Determinan
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Salt Stress 75 9.1.Transgenic Plant
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Salt Stress 77 tolerance from halop
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Salt Stress 79 sponse and yield (Su
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Salt Stress 81 Table 5. Possible ut
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Salt Stress 83 monitored with fluor
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Salt Stress 85 Func. Plant Biol. 29
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Salt Stress 87 Dajic, Z., Stevanovi
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Salt Stress 89 Gouia, H., Ghorbal,
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Salt Stress 91 Larcher, W. (1995).
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Salt Stress 93 Munns, R. and James,
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Salt Stress 95 Rausell, A., Kanhono
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Salt Stress 97 durum wheat crops gr
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Salt Stress 99 Yoshida, K. (2002).
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102 T.D. Sharkey and S.M. Schrader
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131 CHAPTER 5 FREEZING STRESS: SYST
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Freezing Stress 133 Whereas, in the
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Freezing Stress 135 genes at the tr
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Freezing Stress 137 with physiologi
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Freezing Stress 139 (1997). However
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Freezing Stress 141 (Barnett et al.
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Freezing Stress 143 (dehydrin) prot
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Freezing Stress 145 in cytosolic Ca
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Freezing Stress 147 Phospholiphase
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Freezing Stress 149 Accumulation of
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Freezing Stress 151 Ideker, T., Gal
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Freezing Stress 153 ellin acid on f
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Freezing Stress 155 Yoshida, S. and
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158 A.R. Reddy and A.S. Raghavendra
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188 K. Janardhan Reddy constitution
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190 K. Janardhan Reddy World nitrog
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192 K. Janardhan Reddy nitrogen def
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194 K. Janardhan Reddy endoplasmic
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196 K. Janardhan Reddy drought cond
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198 K. Janardhan Reddy Manganese-de
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200 K. Janardhan Reddy zinc deficie
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202 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 12 . E
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204 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 14. Ef
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206 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 15. Th
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208 K. Janardhan Reddy Table 17. Co
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210 K. Janardhan Reddy 18. MOLECULA
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212 K. Janardhan Reddy Bush, D.S.,
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214 K. Janardhan Reddy and Cobbett,
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216 K. Janardhan Reddy 143, 109-111
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219 CHAPTER 8 HEAVY METAL STRESS KS
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Heavy Metal Stress 221 porter) and
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Heavy Metal Stress 223 Figure 1. Su
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Heavy Metal Stress 225 is enzymatic
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Heavy Metal Stress 227 BjPCS1 was e
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Heavy Metal Stress 229 following: (
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Heavy Metal Stress 231 a precursor
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334 A.K. Tyagi, S. Vij and N. Saini
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336 Index Auxins, 146 Avena sativa
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338 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs),
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340 Index Magnesium, 195 Mairiena s
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342 Index Processes less sensitive
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344 Index Sunflecks, 104 Sunflower,
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Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress ... - KHAM PHA MOI

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